Human Resource Management

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Local Government Reform Programs and Human Resource Capacity Building in Africa: Evidence from Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania
(International Journal of Public Administration, 2010) Pallangyo, W. A
Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration: A Comparative Analysis of the Position Under English and Tanzanian Law
(Journal of African and International Law, 2012) Tegamaisho, P
This study focusses on the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration in the legal systems of England compared with the situation in Tanzania. Although confidentiality is one of the essential features of arbitration, confidentiality in arbitration is not always guaranteed and its status brings problems in different countries. Therefore, the author critically analyses the extent to which the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration is applied in various countries, particularly in England and Tanzania. In so doing, decided cases, various institutional rules for arbitration are also reviewed for their treatment of confidentiality. These countries have been chosen because they share a common legal system, that is, common law.
Trade Impediments and Market Transaction Arrangements for Maize and Rice in Tanzania
(World Journal of Social Science Research, 2014) Pallangyo, W. A
This research paper is focused on the exploration of the impediments to beneficial trade and their resultant market transaction arrangement in maize and rice. The study therefore was confined to the following three specific objectives to first, explore perceptions and experiences on the impediments to beneficial trade among rice and maize growers and their socio-economic impacts for farmers and food security in the study area. Second, to identify production and marketing models and describe their structure, conduct and performance; and thirdly, to describe transaction costs and related impediments in the value added chain for both crops in Tanzania. Survey was done in three regions: Shinyanga region representing rice growing regions and Ruvuma and Iringa regions representing maize growing regions of Tanzania. The study involved a sample of 100 smallholder rice farmer traders and 131 maize farmer traders. This study adapted Williamsonian Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) approach (as applied in Pitelis (1993) and Furubotn et al. (2000) to identify market arrangements based on transaction costs of producing and trading in the two grain crops. Based on the observed farmers’ perception and experiences with prevailing trade impediments, this study has proposed five stylized market arrangements referred to in this paper as Cereal Transaction Arrangements (CTAs). Each of these CTAs was found to have strengths and weaknesses—hence no single trade policy could be more appropriate across all CTAs. The paper recommends that the government should reduce transactions costs in CTA4 and also CTA5 which involve more progressive commercial farmers by putting in place pro-poor trade policies. Such transaction costs include cost of identifying weighing devices, constructing warehouses, corruption, levies and quantitative trade restrictions.
Prospects and Challenges in the Deliverance of Executive Asters Degree Programmes
(Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 2014) Pallangyo, W. A
In the recent decade Executive Masters degree programmes have become very popular deliverance in the Tanzanian higher learning institutions. Such shift of paradigm may have occurred due to public budgetary cuts, employment and socio economic conditions that do not favour full time courses attendance and recent higher learning marketing processes. Using The Open University of Tanzania as a case study, this article will focus on two programmes, namely; Executive Masters in Business Administration (EMBA) and Masters in Community Economic Development (MCED) to analyze its deliverance prospects and challenges. Data collection tools included questionnaire, interviews and documentary analysis. We are arguing that the Executive Master‟s Degree programmes can be made more effective by being more practical, learner-centered and adoption of blended learning approach. These changes in the provision of Executive Masters degree programmes may expand the impact of the higher learning institutions in the communities and labor markets
Contribution of Tanzania to the Theory of Knowledge Sharing Behavior
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Othman, S. Z; Mohamed Issa, M.F
Purpose- This paper intends to discourse the development of theory in the Tanzania context, based on the potentiality of advancing knowledge sharing theory globally. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework that is essential for studying knowledge sharing behaviour which is critically significant for the organizational changes and national reforms as well for sustaining in tremendous competition. Moreover, the study established the need to undergo investigation in order to illustrate the degree of performance of theory in the context of Tanzania, which will depict a comparison with developed countries. Methodology- This paper reviewed the theory of planned behaviour and it portrayed TPB as the underpinned theory for revising knowledge sharing in the context of Tanzania. Findings- The study revealed propositions that are fundamental in developing the theory of planned behaviour for studying knowledge sharing in the Tanzania context. Limitations of the study- this paper offers suggestions for proposition testing and direction for further studies in knowledge sharing behaviour. The implication of the study- the paper provides development of theory and practice, the research might provide insight for improving knowledge sharing practices in order to realise organizational development and national reforms(BRN) in the context of Tanzania. Value- This paper relies on theoretical approaches, particularly on the advancement of the theory of plan of behaviour under the addition of the collectivist culture and interpersonal relation towards knowledge sharing behaviour in Tanzania.
The Effect of Training and Development and Employee Relations on Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Tanzania Public Service College
(Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Aman, K. D
This paper examines the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC). Training and development and employee relations were tested against job satisfaction. A total of 100 respondents from Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC) participated in the study. The study used correlation and regression analysis for data analysis. The findings indicate that training and development and employee relations are positively related to job satisfaction and they are indicating a strong contribution to job satisfaction. This study is adding empirical knowledge on the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Public sectors. Suggestions are made for further research to increase job satisfaction among employees.
Predictors of Knowledge Sharing Behaviour: Case of the Tanzanian Healthcare Sector
(International Journal of Research in IT, Management and Engineering, 2016) Balozi, M.A; Othman, S. Z; Mohd Isa, M. F.
Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence knowledge sharing behaviour among healthcare professionals in Tanzania. Design/Methodology/Approach–This paper is a quantitative research paper. The data were collected from healthcare professionals using a questionnaire and analyzed utilizing multiple regressions. Findings–Individual capabilities, career advancement and personal values were positively and significantly influenced knowledge sharing behaviour. Research Limitations/Implications–The study was carried out in public hospitals and focuses on the Tanzanian healthcare professionals, which restricts the generalizability of the findings to non-healthcare professionals in other geographical settings as well as in different contexts. Another limitation is cultural differences across various regions and countries which inhibit knowledge sharing behaviour found in Tanzanian healthcare institutions. Direct relationships are subject to a lack of understanding as to why there is a positive significant influence of individual capabilities, career advancement and personal values on knowledge sharing behaviour. Practical implications–The variables identified as influential factors on knowledge sharing behaviour could assist management to build a knowledge-sharing culture for developing knowledge sharing behaviour in healthcare institutions. Originality/value–The present study contributes to the body of knowledge on knowledge sharing behaviour in healthcare institutions.
Outsourcing or Giving all Out? Experience from Tanzania Local Government Revenue Collection
(Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2016) Mrutu, L.L; Mganga, P
Outsourcing revenue collection in Local Government Authorities has been adopted as a mechanism to solve the previous problems of revenue collection which resulted into loss and mismanagement of the whole process. One of the expectations was to increase revenue collection which will provide a room for fiscal autonomy. However, experience from few local government authorities which have outsourced their revenue collection shows that, the whole process of outsourcing has not yielded the expected outcome especially on enabling local authorities to have fiscal autonomy instead it has turned to benefit the private agent who collect Tax. By using secondary data this paper attempts to show how the process of outsourcing is benefiting the private agent and therefore it is like giving everything out. It concludes that, though outsourcing seems to benefit local authorities by reducing some tasks, especially on tax collection, outsourcing benefits much a private agent and therefore quick measures should be adopted including building the capacity of Local Authorities in identifying the sources of revenue and in estimating the actual collections so as to have clear picture of how much will be generated by the agent and what should be the appropriate amount to be submitted to the Local authority
How Centralized Recruitment Influence Employee’s Turnover in Tanzania Local Government Authorities: Experience from Moshi Municipal Council
(International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2016) Mrutu, L.L; Ngowi, A.O
The recruitment of different human resources in Tanzania local government authorities is centrally organized through the Tanzania Public Service Recruitment Secretariat. The aim has been to facilitate the recruitment of competent personnel to fill identified vacant posts in different local authorities. Despite the positive contributions of centralized recruitment including the recruitment of competent staff, the system has been blamed for causing labour turnover among centrally recruited staff. However, little was known as to how centralized recruitment influenced labour and therefore the aim of this article is to show how centralized recruitment influences labour turnover in local authorities. The study employed a case study design whereby Moshi Municipal Council was chosen. Documentary review and in-depth interviews were used to collect data whereby a total of six respondents were interviewed. Findings shows that centralized recruitment influence employees turnover because employees are recruited from different places to work in new areas which they are not familiar with something which later affects their relationships with employers and therefore decides to leave. Conclusively, this paper calls for government attention to revisit the decision of recentralizing human resources recruitment and build the capacity of local authorities to recruit their employees.
The Influences of Religious Ethics on Preventing and Combating Corruption in Tanzania: The Christianity and Islamic Obligation
(2017) Pallangyo, W. A
There are many roads to the goal of preventing and combating corruption. One of these roads is to prevent and combat corruption through religious obligations. This paper presents a proposition that religious ethics have great influence in the process of combating corruption. Various literatures were consulted including religious books and previous studies. Although Tanzania is a non-secular country but its population is predominantly Muslims and Christians. The Muslims are 35%, Christians are 30% and other religions are 35%. With these statistics it is unlikely to discuss dynamics and cross cutting issues such as corruption with exclusion of religious obligations.
Institutional Characteristics and its Effect on Public Health Service Delivery Under Decentralization in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
(Noble International Journal of Business and Management Research, 2017) Pallangyo, W. A
This article examines the effects of institutional characteristics on public health service delivery under decentralisation in rural Tanzania. It adopted a cross sectional design to examine institutional characteristics and its effects on health service delivery at Pangani and Urambo Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed; primary data were collected by using interviews, questionnaires, FGDs and observation. The study established that, the instructional characteristics impaired significantly the decentralisation initiatives for improved health service delivery in the rural areas in Tanzania. Institutional characteristics, legal frame work, systems and administrative structures were the main hindrance in the implementation of decentralisation for improved health services and its delivery. The institutional effects resulted to poor health service delivery infrastructures in terms of equipments availability, drugs and medicines, health workers, distance, delayed service, time management, lack of accountability and transparency. The study recommends a review of the existing framework, administrative systems, structures and processes and human resource capacity building.
Linking Crime Incidences with Demographic and Socio-Economic Factors in Kinondoni Police Region, Dar es Salaam
(International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2017) Pallangyo, W. A
Despite several studies on demographic, socio-economic factors and crime incidences, the need for further analysis remains contested. The multinomial Logistic Regression Model was applied to establish the association of these three variables. Primary data was collected from police stations with detention facilities by using a structured questionnaire. The findings pointed out significant relationships between demographic and socio-economic factors and crime incidences. However, the main economic activity of the respondent was not a significant factor influencing crime incidences. These results are imperative for policy formulation targeting the reduction of crimes.
Assessment of Crime and Crime Level in Kinondoni Police Regional Stations, Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
(International Journal of Political Science, 2017) Pallangyo, W. A
This article assesses the crime and crime level from Kinondoni Police regional stations. The determinants of crime are analyzed by using descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. The findings indicate seven determinants of crime. It points out that crime against property is the main category. Respondents with the following characteristics (youths, males, unemployed, with less earning, having a low level of education and never married), are more likely to commit offences against a person and crimes against property. The article suggests that the police force has to review the effectiveness of its initiative of involving the community in policing and increase its finance, physical and human resources to match with the growing population.
Knowledge Sharing: Influences of Individual Capabilities, Organizational Climate and Subjective Norms
(Science International(Lahore), 2017) Balozi, M.A; Mohd Isa, M. F.; Othman, S. Z
This paper aims to examine the mediating influence of subjective norms on the relationship between individual capabilities, organizational climate and knowledge sharing. The methodology employed is survey of 439 healthcare professionals from five Tanzanian public hospitals. In the present paper, subjective norms mediate the relationship between individual capabilities, organizational climate and knowledge sharing. The findings indicate, both individual capabilities and organizational climate have positively significant influences on knowledge sharing. Also, the findings show that subjective norms mediate the relationship between individual capabilities, organizational climate and knowledge sharing. Future research should avoid common method variance problems at the starting point of the research design by informing respondents that there is no wrong or right answer to the items in the questionnaire and by providing guarantee of confidentiality to the answers during the research process. The results of the present study suggest that employees who positively perceive individual capabilities, organizational climate and subjective norms tend to consider knowledge as a collectively possessed commodity. The findings of the current study show that an institutional culture that promotes individual capabilities, favorable organizational climate and subjective norms will enable knowledge sharing among employees. The present paper has bridged the gaps in the literature on knowledge sharing, individual capabilities, organizational climate and subjective norms into a single model.
Determinants of Investment at the Individual Level
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2017-12) Kasambala, Momole
Abstract- Investment is the corner stone for economic growth and development. Poor countries experience a scant growth of their economy simply because of minute investment at the individual to national level. In these less developed economiesinvestment has been hampered by insufficient capital to support a viable business enterprise. External financing is required to reverse this trend. Experience shows that the provision of credit is the preeminent way to increase capital for investment. There have been several credit providers in developing countries namely, the formal, semiformal, and informal sources. While the formal and semiformal sources dominate in urban areas, the informal ones seem to dominate in rural areas. Many of the formal sources require credit to be secured by tangible assets. Unlike other credit lines like banks, credit from saving and credit cooperative (SACCOS) are issued without delay because credit worthiness can be established easily. These SACCOS normally operate within the premises of members and are well positioned to serve poor people both in urban and rural areas.This study was conducted to assess the determinants of investment at the individual level. Multistage and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study area and respondents. The sample includes 239 SACCOS members and 241 non members. Data analysis employed both descriptive statistics and Ordinary least square regression methods. The study examines achievement differences in terms of the investment level achieved by SACCOS and non SACCOS members in order to determine the attributed factors to their success. The study provides sufficient evidence to support the proposition that acquisition of credit is important for investment at an individual level at P<0.001.
The Readiness of Village Leaders for Development Challenge: Evidence from Mwanga District Council
(Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 2018) Mrutu, L.L
There have been several initiatives by the government of Tanzania to facilitating local development since the attainment of independence in 1961. To quicken the process, the idea of enabling local people to be the agents of their own development was advocated through decentralization by devolution, which aimed at empowering grass root communities through their local democratically elected leaders to plan and implement their own development activities. Village leaders who have a mandate of engineering the process of development have been identified as a key catalyst towards development success. With regard to their importance as far as community development is concerned, this paper wanted to find out as to what extent village leaders were prepared in terms of their education level and training programmes to be the source of local development. Using the two cases of Kigonigoini and Kwakoa in Mwanga district, it was found that village leaders were not well prepared and were of low capacity because of their low level of education and the absence of training programmes made them more blunt in engineering local development.
Mediating Effects of Subjective Norms on the Relationship Between Career Advancement and Job Characteristics and Knowledge Sharing Behavior Among Tanzanian Healthcare Professionals
(Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 2018) Balozi, M.A; Othman, S. Z; Isa, M. F. M
This paper intends to examine the mediating effects of subjective norms on the relationship between career advancement and job characteristics and knowledge sharing behavior. Based on the social exchange theory, we establish a research model which contains job and organizational factors. We distributed 650 questionnaires, but only 439 questionnaires were returned and usable. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study examines knowledge sharing behavior and its determinants. The results reveal that career advancement, job characteristics and subjective norms are positively and significantly related to knowledge sharing behaviour. The findings depict that subjective norms have a partial positive and significant mediating effect on knowledge sharing behaviour. This paper intends to identify knowledge sharing behaviour and its determinants in Tanzanian healthcare institutions and among healthcare professionals. This is because there are only a few such studies in the context of Tanzania; therefore, this study offers a theoretical foundation for future studies and practical implications for administrators and practitioners.
Accountability and Delivery of Quality Water Services in Iramba and Singida Rural Districts, Tanzania
(2018-11) Shagama, B
The objective of this paper was to assess the relationship between accountability and delivery of quality water services in Iramba and Singida rural districts involving six villages. The paper used a crosssectional research design and multistage sampling. A sample of 350 households was drawn from the population by using stratified random sampling based on the location of the households within each local administrative area. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire, while qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions. The collected data were analysed using both the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and STATA. Ordinal logistic regression was used to establish the relationship between accountability elements and the delivery of quality water services. Based on the study, the level of delivery of quality water services in the study area is low. However, it shows a positive statistically significant relationship between accountability and delivery of quality water services. The study recommends that, for effective delivery of quality water services, local authorities and Community Owned Water Supply Organisation (COWSOs) should strengthen accountability as a means of improving delivery of quality water services.
Influenceof Political, Social and Economic conditions on Rise and Development of Consumer Protection Laws
(Eastern Africa Law Review, 2018-12) Mzurikwao, Anthony
Consumer protection law is one of the mechanisms for protection of consumers. It comprises of both principal and subsidiary legislation aiming at protecting consumers’ rights from being abused by producers. It is viewed as an appropriate mechanism of protecting consumers due to its coercive nature. However, the enactment and enforcement of such law depend on willingness of a state to do so. History shows that such willingness is influenced by political, social and economic interests which the state has to preserve. This article gives a brief historical account on how political, social and economic conditions from medieval era up to the present time has influenced legislative measures taken by the state to protect consumers’ rights. This account is crucial in grasping reasons why the consumer protection law, be it in western developed countries or in the least developed countries like Tanzania, is in the form it is today.
The Influence of Public Service Reforms on the Quality of Service Delivery in Tanzania: Evidences from the Existing Literature
(International Journal of Political Science, 2019) Pallangyo, W. A
The last two decades of the 20th century were associated with significant changes in the paradigms and practices related to public service delivery. One of the important changes was the shifting of the service delivery roles from the government departments to semi-autonomous government agencies known as executive agencies. However, there is little certainty and objective proof that executive agencies would deliver better services compared to the government departments that exist in both developed and developing world governments. This paper reviews the literature on the influence of public service reforms on the quality of services delivery focusing on executive agencies as a special arrangement for implementing the reforms in the delivery of public services. The review focuses on the conceptual understanding of executive agencies and their essence in public service management, the effect of the reforms on quality of service delivery (QSD) with a focus on executive agencies themselves, and the factors affecting the quality (QSD) in executive agencies. Based on the review, the need to assess the link between contextualized QSD indicators and public service reforms from the user viewpoint is insisted

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