Human Resource Management

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Academic Staff Mobility in Tanzania’s Higher Learning Institutions: Understanding the Push and Pull Factors
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-12) Mkunde, Beatrice M.; Mahundu, Fabian G.
This study aimed to understand the push and pull factors for employees’ mobility in higher learning institutions. Specifically, the study anticipated to 1) determine the trend of employees’ mobility in higher learning institutions, 2) explore the factors for employees’ mobility in higher learning institutions and 3) recommend how higher learning institutions may devise motivation and retention strategies to minimise employee mobility. The study employed an exploratory case study design to allow the use of various qualitative data collection methods and tools. Purposive sampling was used to obtain respondents from four selected higher-learning institutions. Data collected from interviews were analysed using NVivo 12 Plus computer-based software. Findings indicate that the push and pull factors for academic staff mobility in the selected higher learning institutions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, are multiple, including workplace restructuring, institutional politics, failure to meet the required academician’s needs and demands, health related factors, good salary pay, need to join their families after a long period of staying away, work motivation, friendly welfare policies and good working climate. The study recommends having different employee retention strategies ranging from good governance/leadership, friendly human resource-related policies that are objectively implemented, flexible management that are open for discussion, and views to fair motivational packages.
Accountability and Delivery of Quality Water Services in Iramba and Singida Rural Districts, Tanzania
(2018-11) Shagama, B
The objective of this paper was to assess the relationship between accountability and delivery of quality water services in Iramba and Singida rural districts involving six villages. The paper used a crosssectional research design and multistage sampling. A sample of 350 households was drawn from the population by using stratified random sampling based on the location of the households within each local administrative area. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire, while qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions. The collected data were analysed using both the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and STATA. Ordinal logistic regression was used to establish the relationship between accountability elements and the delivery of quality water services. Based on the study, the level of delivery of quality water services in the study area is low. However, it shows a positive statistically significant relationship between accountability and delivery of quality water services. The study recommends that, for effective delivery of quality water services, local authorities and Community Owned Water Supply Organisation (COWSOs) should strengthen accountability as a means of improving delivery of quality water services.
Assessment of Crime and Crime Level in Kinondoni Police Regional Stations, Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
(International Journal of Political Science, 2017) Pallangyo, W. A
This article assesses the crime and crime level from Kinondoni Police regional stations. The determinants of crime are analyzed by using descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. The findings indicate seven determinants of crime. It points out that crime against property is the main category. Respondents with the following characteristics (youths, males, unemployed, with less earning, having a low level of education and never married), are more likely to commit offences against a person and crimes against property. The article suggests that the police force has to review the effectiveness of its initiative of involving the community in policing and increase its finance, physical and human resources to match with the growing population.
Attributes Influencing Effectiveness of Employees’ Innovation in Telecommunication Industry in Tanzania
(TIA, 2022-06) Kikuli, Miriam D.; Mwombeki, Frank A.
This study aimed at examining attributes influencing the effectiveness of employees’ innovation in telecommunication industry in Tanzania using Tigo as a reference. Specifically, the study focused on the assessment of the influence of personal competence, leadership styles, technology and financial resources on employees’ innovation in terms of the number of employees’ creative ideas and projects turned into innovation. The study employed a cross-sectional survey strategy to collect data from a sample of 78 employees and open ended questionnaires to collect additional information from 5 key informants who were senior members of Tigo, Tanzania. Descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression were used to analyse data and test formulated hypotheses respectively. The findings show that leadership styles and technology strongly influence employees’ innovation in Telecommunication Companies. The study findings imply that it is very crucial for human resource directors to motivate staff to make them innovative. Also, ICT, research and development departments should be given more budgets and intensive trainings in order to build employees’ innovative capacity. Therefore, it is recommended that technology and leadership style should be seriously considered by company’s management when making strategies and plans for innovative growth in an organization particularly Telecommunication Industry.
Challenges Facing Learners’ Acquisition of Employability Competencies under Competency-Based Education and Training Approach in Vocational Education and Training Centres in Tanzania
(African Journal of Accounting and social science (AJASSS), 2022-12-31) Mgaya, Shukurani
The purpose of this article is to investigate the causes of inadequate employability competencies among vocational education and training (VET) graduates using a competency-based education and training (CBET) approach. The article identifies respondents' perspectives on the challenges of acquiring employability competencies during the civil artisans' training and learning process in VETIs under CBET and explores opinions for overcoming those challenges. Data were gathered from 126 respondents through semi-structured interviews with trainers and employers, an open-ended questionnaire for learners, and employee-focused group discussions. A qualitative exploratory approach research design was used. Thematic analysis was used to analyse documents and interview transcripts. The findings revealed that the acquisition of employability competencies is hampered by learner characteristics, insufficient training and learning resources, shortage of trainers, English language problems, training methods, and negative perception of parents and learners on VET programmes, all of which were identified in the conceptual framework and mentioned by all categories of respondents. It is likely that the challenges discovered were not novel, with the exception of a lack of internet and a scarcity of clean water and food, which were context-specific issues. As a result, the study recommends that government and VET stakeholders should ensure the availability of learning resources to enhance effective training and learning at VET. More serious English language instruction should begin in primary school, according to the government and VET stakeholders. VET trainers should improve field supervision exercises and expose trainees to the working environment where employability competencies can be imparted more easily than through classroom training alone. Trainers should also participate in workshops and industrial visits to gain skills and knowledge about labour market needs. This will improve trainers' and trainees' understanding of labour-market requirements.
Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration: A Comparative Analysis of the Position Under English and Tanzanian Law
(Journal of African and International Law, 2012) Tegamaisho, P
This study focusses on the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration in the legal systems of England compared with the situation in Tanzania. Although confidentiality is one of the essential features of arbitration, confidentiality in arbitration is not always guaranteed and its status brings problems in different countries. Therefore, the author critically analyses the extent to which the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration is applied in various countries, particularly in England and Tanzania. In so doing, decided cases, various institutional rules for arbitration are also reviewed for their treatment of confidentiality. These countries have been chosen because they share a common legal system, that is, common law.
The Contribution of Compensation in the Employee Retention of the Banking Institutions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(European Journal of Business and Management Research, 2020) Pallangyo, W. A
This paper explores the influence of compensation on employee retention in the banking institutions in Tanzania. The stratified sampling technique was used to ensure the representativeness of each bank category. Eleven banks were purposely selected and simple random sampling was applied to draw a sample of 370 employees. The quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using Binary logistic regression. The results indicated that compensation is significantly influencing employee retention with a ‘p-value of 0.001. It was further revealed that the compensation attribute (fair salary) has a significant influence on employee retention. The study recommends to the bank managers develop and implement retention policies that contemplate fair salaries as this is a most valued compensation attribute. Furthermore, the bank managers need to pay great attention to the right retention policies in order to improve the retention of employees.
Contribution of Tanzania to the Theory of Knowledge Sharing Behavior
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Othman, S. Z; Mohamed Issa, M.F
Purpose- This paper intends to discourse the development of theory in the Tanzania context, based on the potentiality of advancing knowledge sharing theory globally. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework that is essential for studying knowledge sharing behaviour which is critically significant for the organizational changes and national reforms as well for sustaining in tremendous competition. Moreover, the study established the need to undergo investigation in order to illustrate the degree of performance of theory in the context of Tanzania, which will depict a comparison with developed countries. Methodology- This paper reviewed the theory of planned behaviour and it portrayed TPB as the underpinned theory for revising knowledge sharing in the context of Tanzania. Findings- The study revealed propositions that are fundamental in developing the theory of planned behaviour for studying knowledge sharing in the Tanzania context. Limitations of the study- this paper offers suggestions for proposition testing and direction for further studies in knowledge sharing behaviour. The implication of the study- the paper provides development of theory and practice, the research might provide insight for improving knowledge sharing practices in order to realise organizational development and national reforms(BRN) in the context of Tanzania. Value- This paper relies on theoretical approaches, particularly on the advancement of the theory of plan of behaviour under the addition of the collectivist culture and interpersonal relation towards knowledge sharing behaviour in Tanzania.
CONTRIBUTION OF VEGETABLE FARMING TO LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES AMONG THE YOUTH IN IHUMWA AND MTUMBA WARDS, DODOMA CITY, TANZANIA
(TIA, 2022-06) Maselle, Anna E.
In recent years there has been a growing literature on youth and livelihood opportunities in agriculture. However, the extent to which such engagement in agriculture improves the livelihood of youth has hardly attracted scholarly attention. Consequently, a convergent parallel mixed method design was adopted to examine the contribution of vegetable farming to livelihood outcomes among the youth. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents for the study. A checklist was used to gather qualitative data while structured questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data. Five livelihood indicators were used to construct the index. Each livelihood indicator was measured by three sub-indicators which were measured in a 3 point Likert scale (low, medium and high livelihood outcomes) Ordinal logistic regression model (OLRM) was employed to determine the chances of the youths’ livelihood outcome levels being high due to vegetable farming. More than half (58%) of the respondents had attained high level of livelihood outcomes. Interestingly, a weak impact of vegetable farming was noted in improved human and social capital in such a way that improvement in the livelihoods can only be achieved by cultivating more land. Results from OLRM revealed that land size, vegetable variety and education were the most significant (p≤ 0.05) predictors of the livelihood outcomes. Conclusively, vegetable farming has the potential of improving livelihoods. However, the main challenge is not just one of engaging the youth in agriculture but equipping them with farming and entrepreneurial skills to enable them realise their ambition in farming. The local government in collaborations with the youth and academic/research institutions are urged to address these challenges when designing intervention for improving the livelihoods of youth through agriculture.
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Evidence from Microfinance Institutions in Tanzania
(TIA, 2022-12-31) Solomon, Saimon.
This study examined the impact of corporate governance on the performance of a firm. Two elements of corporate governance were involved namely the board of directors composition and audit committee composition which were assessed to find out their relations to Microfinance Institutions' (MFIs) financial performance. This study was done to contribute specific insights to the relationship and influence of corporate governance on firm performance especially due to limited literature in Tanzania. The study used a cross-sectional design, in which data were collected at a single point in time. Quantitative data were collected from 80 CEOs/Managers of MFIs under study. The study found that most of the respondents, which is equivalent to 66.2%, had the title of managers or supervisors and 17.4% were the CEOs/Directors. Moreover, MFIs agreed to have boards with independence (M=4.48, SD=0.49) and gender diversity (M=4.67, SD=0.41). Moreover, MFIs agreed to have an audit committee with members who had accounting/auditing/finance expertise. The findings from regression results further show that the relationship was significant between board composition (board independence and gender and geographical diversity) and audit committee composition (educational background and experience in microfinance issues) with the firm’s performance. The study concludes that corporate governance influences the financial performance of MFIs in Tanzania. The study recommends that MFIs and policymakers should ensure that the board of directors is characterised by independence and gender and geographic diversity. Also, the audit committee should comprise members who are experts in microfinance to enhance performance.
Determinants of Investment at the Individual Level
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2017-12) Kasambala, Momole
Abstract- Investment is the corner stone for economic growth and development. Poor countries experience a scant growth of their economy simply because of minute investment at the individual to national level. In these less developed economiesinvestment has been hampered by insufficient capital to support a viable business enterprise. External financing is required to reverse this trend. Experience shows that the provision of credit is the preeminent way to increase capital for investment. There have been several credit providers in developing countries namely, the formal, semiformal, and informal sources. While the formal and semiformal sources dominate in urban areas, the informal ones seem to dominate in rural areas. Many of the formal sources require credit to be secured by tangible assets. Unlike other credit lines like banks, credit from saving and credit cooperative (SACCOS) are issued without delay because credit worthiness can be established easily. These SACCOS normally operate within the premises of members and are well positioned to serve poor people both in urban and rural areas.This study was conducted to assess the determinants of investment at the individual level. Multistage and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the study area and respondents. The sample includes 239 SACCOS members and 241 non members. Data analysis employed both descriptive statistics and Ordinary least square regression methods. The study examines achievement differences in terms of the investment level achieved by SACCOS and non SACCOS members in order to determine the attributed factors to their success. The study provides sufficient evidence to support the proposition that acquisition of credit is important for investment at an individual level at P<0.001.
Determinants of job satisfaction among healthcare providers: A case of selected public hospitals in Ilala Municipality
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASS), 2023-12) Mchome, Lisa; Kara, Nasra
Issues of job satisfaction in organizations have become an important field of investigation for researchers. Although employees deserve to be motivated fairly and with respect, the same feeling has not been reflected among healthcare workers in Ilala District. The study specifically examined the factors affecting the performance of healthcare employees, the perceptions of healthcare workers regarding the existing employees’ benefits, and identifying employees’ benefits that satisfy their needs. This was a mixed study where 114 questionnaires were distributed to healthcare workers using convenience sampling. Qualitative data was collected using an unstructured interview, and the information generated was analyzed using content analysis. On the other hand, the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that lack of career advancement, demanding jobs, and the fact that jobs are consuming a lot of time were among the factors affecting employee job satisfaction. Additionally, extra duties, a lack of annual leave, and maternity leave were among the benefits perceived to be important in influencing employee job satisfaction, while timely provision of wages, good supervisory qualities, good policies and rules, good co worker relations, and good working conditions were the benefits that are needed to boost employee job satisfaction. The findings imply that the government should provide employees with timely benefits if it has the intention of boosting employee job satisfaction. The finding also confirms the two-factor theory assumption that employees will only be satisfied if they are well motivated. Additionally, the private healthcare sector can also learn from this study and make sure that employee benefits are timely approved. Keywords: employees’ job satisfaction, healthcare workers, public hospitals, Ilala Municipal Council.
Differences between Entrepreneurs in Tanzania’s Informal and Formal Sectors
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2020-04-24) Masurel, E; Naudé, W
While small businesses may contribute towards reduction of poverty, studies in least developed countries (LDCs), particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have shown that small businesses often fail to contribute enough in this regard. One problem may be the informal nature of small businesses and entrepreneurship. The majority of the entrepreneurs in LDCs are characterized by features of tax avoidance, low levels of education and failure to keep accounting records. While entrepreneurs in the advanced economies participate in economic activities in terms of innovation and creative destruction (Kirzner, 1997; Schumpeter, 1934), entrepreneurs in LDCs such as Tanzania are mainly sellers of domestic goods, retailers of various goods, food processers and manufacturers, and tend to be less innovative (United Republic of Tanzania, 2014). This means that entrepreneurs from LDCs may differ from those in advanced economies in terms of: identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities; entrepreneurial competencies; and entrepreneurial motivation.
Does Student Empowerment Improve their Academic Performance? Evidence from Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro
(TIA, 2019-06) Lwaitama, Haika; Jeckoniah, John N.
There is a growing interest in understanding the relationship between student empowerment and their academic performance. This paper examined this relationship in the context of university students learning environments. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design using a combination of simple random and systematic sampling techniques involving 200 undergraduate students. The constructs of Psychological Empowerment Instrument (PEI) and the Learner Empowerment Scale (LES) were used to construct Likert scale questions in estimating the students’ empowerment. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed, and a summated scale approach was used to analyse Likert scale questions in estimating the level of empowerment. Correlation analysis was employed to gauge the relationship of the construct of empowerment and academic performance. The results show that the majority of students (82%) had moderate academic performance (GPA 3.0-3.9) out of a maximum of 5.0; the rest 9 and 9 percent had GPAs of below3.0 and above 3.9, respectively. The majority of the respondents (62%) were categorized into low levels of empowerment. Female respondents were more likely to be categorized into higher levels of empowerment than were their male counterparts at 40.7 and 35.8 percent respectively. All paired linear relationships between the constructs of student empowerment were positive. The strength of the linear relationship different construct of empowerment varied from moderate to strong but all had a significant relationship (p <0.05). The linear relationship between the constructs of empowerment and academic performance (GPA) was weak and none of them had any significant relationship. Therefore, overall, there was no linear relationship and association between the level of academic performance and the construct of empowerment. It is recommended to the Ministry of Education and university management to focus on the strategies that would improve student empowerment and academic performance such as student cantered and participatory approaches.
The Effect of Training and Development and Employee Relations on Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Tanzania Public Service College
(Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Aman, K. D
This paper examines the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC). Training and development and employee relations were tested against job satisfaction. A total of 100 respondents from Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC) participated in the study. The study used correlation and regression analysis for data analysis. The findings indicate that training and development and employee relations are positively related to job satisfaction and they are indicating a strong contribution to job satisfaction. This study is adding empirical knowledge on the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Public sectors. Suggestions are made for further research to increase job satisfaction among employees.
Entrepreneurial Abilities of Technical Graduates and their Self-Employability in Tanzania
(TIA, 2022-06) Raphael, Charles; Kipene, Visent
Entrepreneurship education is imperative for economic development and new economic strategies for fostering and generating jobs creating entrepreneurs. This paper therefore assesses the influence of entrepreneurial abilities on self employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. It specifically identifies the entrepreneurial skills acquired by technical graduates from technical institutions and examined the influence of identified entrepreneurial skills on self-employment among the technical graduates in Tanzania. This study was approached quantitatively based on explanatory survey design. Data were collected using questionnaire from 350 technical graduates sampled using stratified simple random technique. The collected data were analysed using Multiple Linear Regressions. The findings show that to a great extent graduates from colleges and universities acquire technical entrepreneurial skills; business management and to a small extent personal entrepreneurial skills. The findings show further that business management was ranked highly as the leading entrepreneurial skill for self-employment among technical graduates. All three entrepreneurial skills were found to have positive and significant influence on self-employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. The study recommends that colleges, institutes and universities should emphatically inculcate all the entrepreneurial skills to students as they have significant contributions to graduates self-employment.
Entry and Stay in the Informal Economy
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2019-06) Abdallah, Gorah. K.; Emiel, Eijdenberg L.
This study explores the factors determining the entry and stay of entrepreneurs in the informal economy in a Least Developed Country (LDC): Tanzania. Qualitative data from a focus group with six experts, and individual interviews with two experts and 15 entrepreneurs from the informal economy, were analysed. The results show that (1) necessity motivations are important for the entry and stay of entrepreneurs, as well as (2) the unattractive factors of the formal economy (e.g. degree of excessive regulations regarding high taxes)/attractive factors of the informal economy (e.g. little procedures, low capital requirements) and (3) low levels of education possessed by entrepreneurs, emerged as essential. This study enriches the literature with personal narratives of entrepreneurial activities from the micro level. Therefore, many detailed factors are revealed of the lives of entrepreneurs and experts, dealing in one way or the other with the informal economy.
Equal Access to Land Ownership Between Men and Women in Tanzania: Does the Legal System Matter?
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASS), 2023-12) Miku, Benjamine G.; Joseph, Emmanuel S.; Mpojota, Amour S.; Nyaborogo, Happiness P.; Charles, Geofrey M.
This paper examines how people perceive the legal system on equal access to land ownership in Tanzania. Cross-sectional data from an Afro barometer survey, round seven (7) with 2,400 observations were analysed to find the effect of how people perceive the legal system on equal access to land ownership in Tanzania by using a Probit regression analysis. The outcome of the study shows that, when courts make a binding decision, people are more likely to agree that women have equal land rights (𝑝 = 0.037), obeying the law positively influences women to have equal rights to land (𝑝 = 0.003). In terms of the effects of empowering women on equal right to land, it was found that when men and women have equal chances of earning income, this positively influences the likelihood of women to have equal right to land. The study further found that there is a gender disparity in matters related to land ownership as men do not believe that women have equal land rights. The findings imply that the efforts which are geared towards strengthening the rule of law and legal compliances could help to promote gender equality by emphasizing respect for women’s land rights. Measures taken to increase awareness, change of attitude and understanding of the rule of law when effectively implemented would lead to advancing gender equality and women’s land rights. Efforts which promote and protect women’s land rights will result in advancing gender equality and women's economic empowerment. An effective legal system is crucial in promoting and protecting women’s land rights. Gender equality in society’s economic opportunities can have a positive effect on women’s land ownership rights and lastly addressing gender disparities in land ownership promotes women’s land rights. Among other recommendations, the study recommends that the Government, Civil Societies and Non-Governmental Organizations should cooperate in enhancing more legal reforms in Tanzania in strengthening laws and policies which protect women’s right to own and inherit land. The Government should take the lead in enforcing and publicizing the laws which help to raise awareness of women’s right to land ownership in the communities. Men and boys should also be educated on the benefits of gender equality and the negative impacts of gender discrimination.
How Centralized Recruitment Influence Employee’s Turnover in Tanzania Local Government Authorities: Experience from Moshi Municipal Council
(International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2016) Mrutu, L.L; Ngowi, A.O
The recruitment of different human resources in Tanzania local government authorities is centrally organized through the Tanzania Public Service Recruitment Secretariat. The aim has been to facilitate the recruitment of competent personnel to fill identified vacant posts in different local authorities. Despite the positive contributions of centralized recruitment including the recruitment of competent staff, the system has been blamed for causing labour turnover among centrally recruited staff. However, little was known as to how centralized recruitment influenced labour and therefore the aim of this article is to show how centralized recruitment influences labour turnover in local authorities. The study employed a case study design whereby Moshi Municipal Council was chosen. Documentary review and in-depth interviews were used to collect data whereby a total of six respondents were interviewed. Findings shows that centralized recruitment influence employees turnover because employees are recruited from different places to work in new areas which they are not familiar with something which later affects their relationships with employers and therefore decides to leave. Conclusively, this paper calls for government attention to revisit the decision of recentralizing human resources recruitment and build the capacity of local authorities to recruit their employees.
The implementation of a legal framework for access and benefit sharing; A case study of natural gas extraction in Kilwa District, Tanzania.
(TIA, 2022-06) Mwakyambiki, Sarah E.
The distribution, access, and sharing of direct benefits from extractive companies with host communities is a global concern. This study investigates the difficulties in keeping the legal framework in place for access to natural gas and benefit sharing among local communities. Specifically, this study will examine setbacks in implementing direct benefits like employment, service levy and utilisation of local market. A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 373 respondents and analysed through content analysis and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the statutory framework was not properly applied.. It is recommended that local governments should consult with the host community to reach an agreement, which will promote transparency and accountability in the regulations and procedures that allow access and benefit sharing. It is also recommended that the government, in partnership with non governmental organizations, develop nearby communities with capabilities to meet extractive companies’ supply demands. Keywords: Natural gas, barriers, legal framework, direct benefits,

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