Business Administration

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The impact of smallholder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns, dietary diversity and consumption elasticities
(Agricultural Economics Research, Policy and Practice in Southern Africa (Agrekon), 2010-05-07) Msaki, Mark M; Hendriks, Sheryl L
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The dietary diversity, nutrient intakes and consumption patterns of certified, partially certified and non-members of an organic farmers' organisation were compared. Engagement in certified commercial organic farming promoted comparatively greater dietary diversity and improved nutrient intakes. While smallholder agriculture commercialisation has the potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality through increased income and labour opportunities, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in rural South Africa.
Cereal Bank as a Necessary Rural Livelihood Institute in Arid Land, Makoja Village, Dodoma-Tanzania
(Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013) Msaki, Mark M.; Mwenda, Michael I.; Regnard, Irene J.
In 2012, the study was carried at Makoja Village, in Semi-Arid region of Dodoma. The aim of the conducted study was to assess the importance of Cereal Bank to livelihood of farming households. A total of 80 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 computer program. The major findings of the study revealed that, almost all of the households (96.2 %) were poor, while more than a half of the sampled population was chronically food insecure. Income and expenditure analysis revealed that households had no opportunity to manage savings. Further analysis on expenditure revealed that despite being farming households, the later spent large proportion of their income in purchasing food for households. Cereal bank has been potential to provide food at the time of less, storage facility, seed stocking facility and a business opportunity. Cereal banks should be purposively promoted to improve livelihood and assure food security in the rural areas.
Do Food Quality and Food Quantity Talk the Same? Lesson From Household Food Security Study in Embo, South Africa
(Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2013-07-25) Msaki, Mark M.; Hendriks, Sheryl L.
Objectives: Relating food diversity, quality, and intake is one of the key aspects in understanding household food security. This paper aimed at marying food intake and quality, both being measurement for food security. Methods: A household food consumption survey (n = 200) exploring food diversity, quality of foods, and their relation to food intake in Embo, a poor farming community in rural KwaZulu-Natal was carried out in November 2004 (period of insufficiency) and repeated in March 2005 (period of plenty). Household food intake strata were developed using matrices obtained from the Household Food Intake Index and nutritional adequacy ratios. Food quality was measured using food count and later using 5 food groups, namely, starches, vegetables and fruits, animal sourced foods, fats, and legumes. Results: Single food count showed dietary diversity to be significantly different across households with different food intake during the period of plenty (P ≤ 0.000). During the period of plenty, vegetable and fruits contributed significantly different proportions of energy (P ≤ 0.000), protein (P ≤ 0.006), iron (P ≤ 0.020), and vitamin E (P ≤ 0.006) to household food intake strata. Intake of vitamin A was more elastic as its intake variation from legumes, fats, and animal sourced foods was (P ≤ 0.000), from starches (P ≤ 0.008) and from vegetable and fruits (P ≤ 0.064) during the second round. Starches are the most important food group to the community, whereas fats and animal sourced food groups are less important. Conclusions: The current study has been able to include food quality in food security studies. Seasonality accounts for variation in food quality. The South African food-based dietary guidelines are relevant to the Embo community.
Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Areas: A Gender Perspective
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014) Msaki, Mark M.; Kalumanga, Venance.; Bwagalilo, Fadhili.
At current, the world is struggling to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change to the involved communities. Due to their climatic behaviours, Semi-Arids are among the most vulnerable areas to Climate Change. Adaption to Climate Change has been suggested to lessen the impacts in different areas. However, the adaption is relative to a specific area’s social-economic, physical as well as cultural set up. For this fact, it is a matter that in some areas, culture happens to side-line women in decision making and implementation while adapting for Climate Change. Therefore, the study was carried out at Chololo Eco - Village, in Dodoma Municipality. The aim of the study was to assess the existing climate change adaptation strategies or technologies and the involvement of Gender in Addressing Climate Change Adaptation Technologies. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed. The research revealed that among the proportion 36%, 29%, 35%, 32%, and 59% of female respondents attended transfer of innovation sessions for Agriculture, Water Management and Conservation, Afforestation, Food Security and Economic Adaptation. More men attended sessions for transfer of innovations as compared to women. Tradition, culture and household chores impended women not to involve much in such sessions. Fortunately, women not attending in such session did not connote not adapting to Climate Change. Roles occupied in the community and household chores had been the factor for women to decide whether to participate or not participate in the training sessions. Women struggled to attend transfer sessions which seemed to be critical such as Economic Adaptation. Fruitfully women were found to be more involved in Income Generating Activities (IGAs) introduced by Chololo Eco – Village. Deliberate efforts should be carried to ensure that women attend technology transfer sessions to become the first beneficiaries of such innovations.
Measuring Household Food Security Using Food Intake Indicators in Rural Kwazulu Natal, South Africa
(Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2014-04-24) Msaki, Mark M.; Hendriks, Sheryl L.
Estimation of micronutrients intake in food consumption surveys has generally been ignored. Focusing on similar households, a household food consumption survey (n = 200) was carried out in November 2004 (period of less) and March 2005 (period of plenty) in rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Diet diversity, energy, protein and micronutrient intakes were proxies of household food security. Principal Component Analysis was used to estimate household food adequacy and strength of the variables (nutrients) in determining household intake variation amongst the community. On average, variation in household intake was contributed by energy (62.8%), iron (20.2%), protein (11.8%), vitamin E (3.8%), vitamin A (1.0%), and dietary diversity (0.3%). Linking food intake to household variables can generate plausible variables for measuring household food security.
Enhancing ERP Adoption in Government Training Institutions for Effective Financial Management: A Case of Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA)
(Journal of Resources Development and Management, 2016) Mwakyusa, Wilson P
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is the largest application software that increasingly being adopted by Higher Learning Institutions (HLI) both private and public institutions in developing countries. However, there is high rate of failures of ERP system implementation in higher learning institutions specifically in the strategies of integration with other information systems like Student Management System (SMS), human resource management and Accounting information systems for the purpose of enhancing financial management. Thus, this study aimed at enhancing the ERP system adoption in higher learning institutions with a special attention to government training institutions in Tanzania. Initially information was collected through literature review; primary data was gathered through structured questionnaires received from a total of 40 respondents working with Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA) which implement ERP system (Epicor). The study revealed several factors that slow the process of implementing ERP system at HLIs. These factors are; lack of technical awareness about the system, user of the system are not involved in the system requirements, top management support, ERP system implementations strategies, IT-infrastructure and experience in IT adoption process. Furthermore, it is found that phased adoption strategy is more suitable approach for adopting new ERP system in the government training institutions environment. Similarly the study revealed that ERP system plays important role in enhancing financial management in HLIs. Conclusively, the study proposed the integrated ERP system implementation framework using phased approach to suite the government higher training institutions environment. Keywords: ERP system, Government training institutions, adoption strategy
Impediments of E-learning Adoption in Higher Learning Institutions of Tanzania: An Empirical Review
(Journal of Education and Practice, 2016) Mwakyusa, Wilson P
It is experienced that most of the Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) in developing countries including Tanzania fails to fully implement e-learning system as a an alternative method of delivering education to a large population in the universities. However, some of HLIs are practicing the blended method by which both elearning and traditional teaching methods are employed. The study therefore, aimed to explore the most critical impediments for e-learning adoption at (HLIs) in Tanzania. Moreover, most of the HLIs in developing countries are facing with the problem of poor ICT infrastructures, lack of experts in ICT solutions and internet connectivity. This study made an empirical review to a total of 18 relevant literatures conducted in HLIs of Tanzania in order to critically indentify the most critical impediments. It is found that there is a serious problem of technological infrastructures including lack of computers in HLIs to save students all time, low internet bandwidth, low ICT- competence among the educational stakeholders which impede the successful e-learning implementation. Furthermore, it was found that most of the HLIs they had no e-learning policy in operational as a result there is lack of technical and managerial support towards the new e-learning technology. In the end the study proposed the strategies that direct the road towards the success of e-learning implementation at HLIs in developing countries including Tanzania
Socio-Economic Determinants of Rural Market Participation for Smallholder Maize Farmers in Dodoma Region-Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2018-06) Ismail, Ismail J.; Timothy, Shauri; Ajuaye, Adeline; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
Like many other Sub-Sahara African countries, the contribution made by smallholder farmers in Tanzania’s economy cannot be under estimated given the fact that, majority depend on them for food security and industrialization process. Unfortunately, most of these farmers are not performing well, hence having little contribution to the economic development of the country and eventually to their socioeconomic wellbeing
Livelihood Outcomes Among Households Participating in Large-Scale Agricultural Investments in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2018-06) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.; Jeckoniah, John N.; Kabote, Samwel J.
Large-scale agricultural investment is an important economic activity which has potential to improve the livelihoods of Male-Headed Households (MHHs) and Female-Headed Households (FHHs). (However, the benefit derived from large-scale agricultural investments has a household headship and agricultural investments models differential
Determinants of Empowerment Among Women Producers of Improved Chickens in Bariadi and Muheza Districts, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2019-06) Maunde, Regina M.; Lyimo, Joyce G.; Jeckoniah, John N.
Women empowerment is a dynamic and multidimensional process whereby various factors could influence differently the extent to which women are empowered in different contexts. Rigorous evidence on the determinants of women empowerment in specific agricultural projects is scantily documented
The Nexus between Dividend Policy and Financial Gearing of Listed Non Financial Companies in Tanzania
(International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 2019-10-26) Marobhe, M.I; Hembe, Luciana
Abstract: Abstract This paper intends to explore the relationship between dividend policy and financial gearing of listed non-financial companies in Tanzania. A case study of seven (7) non-financial companies listed at Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) was used to assess this phenomenon. Unbalanced panel data from these companies’ annual reports were used, covering 2002 to 2018. Generalized linear regression analysis was used to examine the phenomenon mentioned above with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Beysian Information Criterion (BIC) to select the most appropriate models. The results from generalized linear regression analysis indicated that companies with higher dividend payouts have lower gearing. Further results show that higher dividend payouts are associated with a lower cost of debts as debt providers deem these companies to be stable and less risky. So this study urges profitable firms to pay out dividends as a sign of financial strength which eventually reduces the cost of debt. But caution must be taken by financial managers to ensure that a sufficient amount of internal funds are retained after paying dividends for future endeavours.
Extent of Adoption of Selected Innovations Among Smallholder Paddy Farmers in Mvomero District, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2020-06) Mhango, Solomon; Jeckoniah, John N.
Presently, different stakeholders play a key role in paddy production by introducing innovations to paddy farmers in Tanzania. However, the farmers tend to adopt innovations at different rates, which call for an establishment of the extent of the adoption of introduced innovations. This study was conducted in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania to determine the extent of adoption of innovations in paddy production. A cross-sectional research design was adopted and 299 respondents were sampled using simple random technique. Data were collected using questionnaire and in-depth interviews
Large Scale Agricultural Investments and Its Impact on Gender Relations and Wellbeing of Small Holder Farmers: Evidence from Kilombero Valley in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2020-11)
This paper explores the impact of large-scale agricultural investment on household livelihood outcomes among smallholder farmers in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The study used qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 376 households.
Determinants of Rural Households Livelihood Outcomes in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2021-06)
Household’s participation in an out-grower scheme and investor farm employment as well as household socio-economic characteristics has the potential of improving livelihood outcomes. However, scientific debates on the determinants of household livelihood outcomes have not been conclusive. The paper aims at examining the determinants of rural household livelihood outcomes
Access and Use of Mobile Money by Microentrepreneurs in Moshi District, Tanzania
(African Journal of Accounting and social science (AJASSS), 2021-12) Akyoo, Stephen E.; Pallangyo, Barakael T.
This study assessed the accessibility and usage of mobile money services by micro-entrepreneurs in Moshi District, Tanzania. A multistage sampling technique with a combination of random and purposive sampling was adopted to obtain a total of 120 shop retailers for questionnaire survey and six key informants for in depth interviews. Data were collected through questionnaire and checklist guide and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis. The fndings show that most (70%) of the respondents owned one mobile handset. Almost (95%) respondents were using mobile money services for their businesses, and M-Pesa from Vodacom had the highest number of subscribers. Nearly, two thirds (65%) of the respondents had one Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card. The majority of the respondents frequently (often or very often) used mobile money services for paying bills (91.7%), sending or withdrawing cash (91.6%), making purchases and commodity dealing (90.8%), making money transfer (87.5%), recharging airtime (84.1%) and storing money (72.7%). It is concluded that mobile money has been adopted by microentrepreneurs’ even in rural areas. Furthermore, micro entrepreneurs were easily accessing the mobile money services mainly through Vodacom, Tigo and Airtel telecommunicationAfrican Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS) Volume 3, Issue No. 2 86 companies. The study recommends that the user should adopt the services so to beneft from their business. Furthermore, these mobile telecommunication companies should oﬀer aﬀordable services especially on the marginalized rural areas. Keywords: Mobile money, mobile phones, microenterprises, Moshi,
Determinants of Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Communities Adjacent to Large Scale Agricultural Investment in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania.
(Tengeru Community Development Journal, 2021-12-15) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
Household’s socio-economic characteristics have the potential of determining livelihood strategies of community living adjacent to large scale agricultural investment areas. However, livelihood diversification strategies in areas with large-scale agricultural investment are determined by complex and yet empirically untested factors in Kilombero Valley. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in the study area. The study based adopted a cross-sectional research design and the exploratory sequential research strategy whereby data were collected from 376 respondents. Quantitative data collected through a structured questionnaire were entered into SPSS and Multinomial logit model was used to examine determinants of household livelihood diversification strategies. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Generally, findings show that household size, land size and access to credit were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with households’ livelihood diversification for households adjacent to Kilombero Sugar Company Limited (KSCL). On the other hand, land size, total income and group membership were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with households’ livelihood diversification for households adjacent to Kilombero Plantation Limited (KPL). It is concluded that diversification of livelihood strategies in communities adjacent to large-scale agricultural investments are context specific and depends on investors adjacent to the community in question. It is recommended that local government authorities and other development actors in Kilombero Valley should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification and address access to credit constraints by provision of credit with lowest interest rate to households who will be interested in non-farm income generating activities.
Institutional Quality and Resource based Economic Sustainability: the Mediation Efects of Resource Governance
(SN Business and Economic A Springer Nature Journal, 2022-01-20) Marobhe, M.I
The discovery of extractive resources is associated with multiple opportunities and unbridled optimism on achieving socio-economic development for many countries. However, the question how the host governments meet expectations of indigenous people by ensuring an ideal resource-based economic sustainability (RES) has been receiving less research attention. Using the global panel dataset of 80 resourceendowed economies from 2010 to 2017, we postulate and empirically examine the mediating efect of the resource governance (RESOGV) on the relationship between institutional quality (IQ) and RES. The ANOVA and post hoc ANOVA results revealed signifcant disparities in terms of IQ, RESOGV, and RES among countries with diferent levels of economic development, regions, and sector (mining or petroleum). Moreover, the fixed effects (FE) and ordinary least square (OLS) results confirmed that IQ marginally influenced RES. However, the influence was more pronounced when it was partially (but complementary) mediated by the RESOGV. The paper, therefore, stresses the importance of host governments in improving the quality of their institutions. This will ultimately help enhancing their RESOGV capabilities for attaining economic, social and environmental sustainability.
The Response of Tanzania Higher Learning Institutions to E- Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic
(East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2022-02) Mwakyusa, Wilson P; Ng`webeya, Lucas M
This study examined how the Tanzanian Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) responded to the e-learning implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic period. It employed the Actor Network Theory that informs the socio-technical interactions. The study employed an explorative case study design with qualitative techniques, involving a total of 13 participants from selected HLIs. A thematic analysis framework was used to analyze data. The study revealed that HLIs in Tanzania have partially implemented e-learning systems and there is limited use of e-learning technology among HLIs in Tanzania. The e-learning implementation is in terms of tuition fee payment, examination results, online learning and presentation of research proposals through mobile technologies and Zoom. It is important for the government to make more emphasis on development of e-learning policies which will increase participation, commitment and accountability in HLIs. It is also important for HLIs to redefine e-learning strategies and develop facilities that will enhance transformations in teaching and learning amidst the Covid 19 Pandemic. This requires good internet networks as well as availability of robust learning management systems. Furthermore, HLIs should establish collaboration with other learning institutions within and outside the country for sustainable e-learning outcomes.
Agro-pastoralist Resilience: Emerging Challenges towards Innovated Pathways of Climate Change Effects in Semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts, Tanzania
(TIA, 2022-06) Mung’ong’o, Henry G.
Climate change and its variability threaten food security globally, making life uncertain, especially among agro-pastoral communities living in fragile semi-arid areas. This trend has necessitated the exploration of the potential designed and developed pathways and the emerging challenges which reduce the adaptive capacity of agro-pastoralists. This study investigates innovative pathways and challenges facing agro-pastoral communities in adapting to climate change and variability effects on crops and livestock production in semiarid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts. A mixed-method research approach under a correlation case study design was employed. Primary data were collected using a household survey which sampled 362 households, Focus Group Discussion (n=6), In-depth interviews (key informants) and field visits. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used in analysing and presenting the findings. The study results indicate that agro-pastoral communities have observed a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature trends that were linked to reduced livestock, cereals and pulses crop production thus affecting the agro-pastoral community’s food security status. The study identified innovative pathways as a response to reduced livestock, cereal and pulse crops production which includes growing drought-tolerant crops, practising intercropping, livestock seasonal mobility, traditional grazing management system through by-laws, pastures rotational uses and traditional water reservoirs (Mboutu). Furthermore, the study identified several challenges to overcoming declining livestock production and crop yields, which include inadequate financial capital (91%), droughts (85.4%), unpredicted weather patterns, (74.7%), emergency of new AJASSS Volume 4, Issue No. 1, 2022 page 20 livestock diseases (50.3%), a lack of reliable weather information (44.2%), low livestock prices(40%), insufficient and delayed delivery of agricultural equipment (37%). All these challenges reduced the resilience capacity of agro pastoralists. To ensure the sustainability of fragile dryland communities, this study recommends purposeful institutional intervention plans and increased income diversification as well as more capacity-building activities for increased awareness of climate change adaptation practices in semiarid areas of Tanzania which will increase agro-pastoralists resilience.
The Influence of School Leadership Experiences and Working Environment on Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Kilimanjaro and Pwani Regions, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-06) Mwita, Sospeter; Hassanal, Issaya
This study explored the influence of school leadership and working environment on teachers’ job satisfaction in Tanzania. The study was guided by two questions: how school leadership influences teachers’ job satisfaction and how the working environment influences teachers’ job satisfaction. Herzberg’s two-factor theory guided the study. A mixed method approach was employed where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed using a concurrent research design in which. The study focused on public secondary schools in Tanzania and involved 244 respondents who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. questionnaires and interviews were used in data collection for the study. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and linear regression analyses . The study findings reveal that school leadership influences teachers’ satisfaction with the job. Importantly, the linear regression results revealed that teachers’ collaboration significantly predicted commitment to the job (β=0.24, t (4, 239)= 3.77, p=0.000). the findings imply that the increase in teachers’ collaboration in various school matters stimulated their passion and engagement in school activities. On the other hand, a safe working environment at school accounts for 51.5 per cent in predicting teachers’ satisfaction with the job (p≤ 0.01). Therefore, collective leadership and a conducive environment at school help in increasing employees’ satisfaction with the job. It is recommended that school leaders AJASSS Volume 4, Issue No. 1, 2022 page 2 should continuously be trained on collective leadership and improvement of the working environment.

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