Business Administration

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THE EFFECT OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF THE STANDARD GAUGE RAILWAY AT THE TANZANIA RAILWAY CORPORATION
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2024-11) Juma,Ramadhan B.
ABSTRACT Non-compliance with project management principles and practices poses serious risks to the success of large-scale infrastructure projects particularly within Tanzania’s Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) project which aims to improve national connectivity and economic development. While project management resources such as seminars, training, and research articles are readily available to help stakeholders understand and implement effective project management, ensuring consistent adherence to these principles in complex projects remains a significant challenge. This study assesses the effect of non-compliance with project management principles and practices in construction projects in Tanzania, focusing on the SGR project at Tanzania Railway Corporation, seeking to clarify how such non-compliance may lead to project delays, budget overruns, and quality issues. A quantitative research approach was employed, gathering data from 109 respondents, including project managers, engineers, contractors, and consultants, using structured questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 26, employing descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that strict adherence to project management principles has a positive and statistically significant effect on project performance, contributing to timely completion, budget management, and overall project quality. Conversely, non-compliance alone was not found to have a significant statistical effect on project performance, suggesting it may contribute indirectly to other challenges but does not independently predict success or failure. Additionally, risk identification and mitigation were shown to positively influence on project outcomes, underscoring the importance of proactive risk management in enhancing compliance and achieving project goals. These findings provide important insights for policymakers and stakeholders, highlighting the critical role of structured project management and risk mitigation in ensuring the successful completion of large-scale projects. Practical recommendations for improving compliance and training project teams are suggested to support better project outcomes in Tanzania’s construction sector, ultimately contributing to sustainable development.
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS TO ENHANCE ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN TANZANIA.A CASE OF NMBPLC, FINCA, BRAC, AND TPB IN ILALA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL DAR ES SALAAM.
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-11) Mwayole, Jacqueline D.
ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to assess the role performed by Microfinance banks to enhance entrepreneurship opportunities of women in Tanzania NMB, BRAC, FINCA, and TPB. In contrast, Ilala Municipal was used as the case study. The research reviewed different studies on microfinance institutions’ role in enhancing entrepreneurship opportunities for women. A case study research design was employed in this study. The study used a sample of 100 respondents who fall under the women entrepreneurship and bank employees categories. Questionnaires, Interviews, document reviews, and observation were used as data collection methods that the researcher was interested in using in the field. The researcher collected data, Processed them, and analyzed them by using statistical software (SPSS). The study revealed that more than 36.46% of respondents said that Microfinance banks played a significant role in providing financial opportunities to women entrepreneurs where the provision of loans, training of financial and business skills, and grace period offered by those banks seem to advance the business of women entrepreneurs in Ilala Municipal. The average loan taken is 50,000Tsh to 75,000,000Tsh. The opportunities offered by Microfinance banks have impacted the living standard of women, enabling them to buy household assets, buy food, increase income, and increase employment among women entrepreneurs compared to before joining Microfinance. The study recommends that the government, in collaboration with financial sectors, amend the banking system and accommodate the reduction of interest rates, more free training on financial skills, reduction of prior application charges, and regular visits to the women entrepreneurs, which were help to improve both Microfinance bank and women entrepreneurs performing better in their business and achieve social economical as well as to enable them to access them and use the financial opportunity they provide.
ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLIANCE ISSUES IN THE COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS UNDER FORCE ACCOUNT: A CASE OF MKURANGA DISTRICT COUNCIL
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2024-11) Msuya, Iddi B.
ABSTRACT This study assessed compliance issues in the completion of construction projects under the force account method within Mkuranga District Council. Compliance in such projects is crucial for effective resource utilization and timely completion, yet several challenges persist. The primary objectives were to analyze factors contributing to non-compliance, evaluate the role of competent manpower, and examine budgetary compliance in force account projects. A mixed-methods approach was employed to comprehensively assess compliance issues in construction projects under the force account method. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, including structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders such as project managers, site supervisors, and council officials. The questionnaires aimed to quantify perceptions and experiences related to compliance factors, while the interviews provided deeper insights into the challenges faced during project execution. A sample of 60 respondents was selected from various departments within the Mkuranga District Council, ensuring a diverse representation of perspectives. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 for quantitative results and thematic analysis for qualitative responses, allowing for a robust understanding of the underlying issues impacting project compliance. The findings highlighted significant barriers to compliance, revealing that inadequate project planning (65%), insufficient training of personnel (58%), and lack of effective supervision (49%) were primary contributors to non-compliance. Despite 72% of respondents expressing confidence in the workforce's relevant experience, 60% acknowledged critical gaps in technical skills and knowledge of modern construction practices. Additionally, the analysis of budgetary compliance indicated that 68% of respondents reported challenges due to delayed fund disbursements, while 55% identified misallocation of resources as a frequent issue. The study concluded that enhancing compliance requires comprehensive training programs for personnel, stringent financial monitoring systems, and clear project planning guidelines. Implementing these strategies could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of force account construction projects, ultimately leading to better project outcomes and resource utilization in the construction sector.
THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE. A CASE OF CENTRE FOR FOREIGN RELATIONS
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2024-11) Kabanza, Robin.
ABSTRACT This study examined the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance, using the Centre for Foreign Relations in Dar es Salaam as a case study. It identified the types of leadership styles practiced at the Centre, assessed the organization's performance, and investigated the relationship between leadership style and organizational performance. The study guided by Likert Leadership theory. A mixed approach was employed with a descriptive research design. The study used a sample of 83 employees selected from a total population of 106 using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, while secondary data were gathered from relevant reports and documents. The findings revealed that the Centre for Foreign Relations predominantly employed transformational and participative leadership styles, which were positively perceived by employees and had a significant impact on the organization's performance. Leadership's focus on clear communication, employee empowerment, and fostering innovation contributed to improved job satisfaction, higher morale, and operational efficiency. However, challenges such as limited resources and inconsistent application of leadership styles across departments were also identified. Descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS indicated that transformational leadership was perceived as the most effective in enhancing organizational performance. The study further highlighted the importance of leadership styles in influencing employee engagement, motivation, and overall performance within the Centre. It is concluded that adopting more inclusive and adaptable leadership approaches can enhance the Centre's ability to achieve its strategic goals. The study recommends that the Centre for Foreign Relations focus on strengthening leadership development programs, ensuring consistency in leadership practices across all departments, and increasing resource allocation to sustain high performance. Further research is suggested to explore the impact of leadership styles on employee retention and organizational culture within other public institutions in Tanzania.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS IN TANZANIA A CASE OF UBUNGO MUNICIPAL COUNCIL DAR ES SALAAM.
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-11) Silayo, Falisi E.
ABSTRACT The study aimed to assess the impact of information technology on the development of entrepreneurship and small businesses in Tanzania, in the case of the Ubungo Municipal Dar Es Salaam region. The research reviewed different studies related to the usage of ICT in the development of SME and entrepreneurs' businesses. A case study research design was employed in this study. The study used a sample of 100 respondents who fall under the SME and entrepreneur categories. Questionnaires, interviews, document reviews, and observation were data collection methods that the researcher was interested in using in the field. The researcher collected data, processed it, and analyzed it using statistical software (SPSS). Therefore, the study at hand determined the extent to which SMEs and entrepreneurs in Dar es Salaam use ICT in their daily operations. The study identified key attributes of SMEs and entrepreneurs. These attributes include years in business, sales, ICT use, and related performance measures (i.e., working capital, sales, and number of employees). The findings on ICT-related factors that influence the performance of SMEs and entrepreneurs found that computerized management systems have a positive influence on business sales; on the other hand, physical procurement influences negatively the sales of the business. The study further identified factors that have a significant influence on decreasing the number of workers in SMEs, and the results show that the introduction of ICT in the business management system has a positive influence on decreasing the number of workers. Lastly, a computerized management system and the use of both e-procurement and physical procurement in SMEs and entrepreneurs will increase the level of capital in the business.
Socio-economic Determinants of Smallholder Farmers' Adoption of New Tea Varieties in Rungwe District
(Tanzania Journal of Community Development, 2025-09-01) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
Despite the strategic importance of tea production in Tanzania, existing studies have inadequately addressed the socio-economic determinants influencing smallholder farmers’ adoption of new tea varieties in Rungwe District. This study investigates the key socio-economic factors driving adoption of clonal tea seed varieties among smallholder tea farmers in the region. Employing a cross-sectional research design and an exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach, the study sampled 267 smallholder tea farmers using simple random sampling to ensure unbiased representation. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic content analysis with constant comparison to capture farmers’ perceptions and experiences regarding clonal tea varieties. Quantitative data were processed using IBM SPSS, with descriptive statistics used to summarize socio-economic characteristics, and binary logistic regression applied to model adoption behavior. Findings revealed that age, sex, household size, tea farming experience of the household head, and land size significantly influenced adoption of new tea seed varieties (p < 0.005), with corresponding Wald statistics of 19.368, 4.556, 9.740, 4.995, and 9.872 respectively. The study highlights notable variation in adoption patterns and production outcomes among smallholder farmers. It is recommended that the Rungwe District Council, Tea Board of Tanzania, and Tanzania Tea Research Institute intensify awareness campaigns and extension services on clonal tea varieties to enhance adoption and ensure the long-term sustainability of tea production in Rungwe District.
The Influence of Resource Orchestration on Entrepreneurial Growth: Can Strategic Partnerships Mediate?
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2025-06-30) Rutaba, Yohana A.
This study aimed to find out if strategic partnerships can mediate the relationship between resource orchestrations on entrepreneurial growth. The study is grounded by Resource Orchestration theory (RO). The hypotheses tested in this study included alternative hypotheses: resource orchestration (ROCN), positive influence entrepreneurial growth (ENTG), strategic partnership (STPS) positive influence entrepreneurial growth and strategic partnership mediates the relationship between resource orchestration and entrepreneurial growth. In this investigation, a quantitative approach was employed because the focus was on analyzing the relationships between variables and testing hypotheses, aligning with the study's objectives. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and data were gathered from managers of privately owned organizations in Dodoma city, Tanzania. The study categorized organizations as strata and employed a stratified simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire consisting of closed-ended questions based on a five-point Likert scale was used. To determine the sample size, a-priori sample size calculator was utilized for structural equation models. The analysis indicates that both ROCN and STPS have direct effects on ENTG. The analysis shows positive relationship between ROCN and STPS with coefficient of 0.2190, positive relationship between ROCN and ENTG with coefficient of 0.5213 and ENTG and ROCN with coefficient of 0.3645, all the significant P-values (0.0000). Additionally, there is evidence of an indirect effect of ROCN on ENTG through STPS, with a coefficient of 0.0496 on the effect of ROCN on ENTG through STPS, indicating mediation. Therefore, strategic partnerships may be utilized to play a crucial role in translating the potential benefits of orchestrating the resources into tangible entrepreneurial growth outcomes. In order to attain sustainable growth, business organizations should therefore concentrate on effectively managing resources, coordinating partnerships and exploiting external opportunities. The findings suggest that relevant policies should encourage and support training programs that are aimed at enhancing firms’ internal resource management capabilities. In terms of theory, this research study contributes to the understanding of resource orchestration and its role in organization performance and growth.
Effect of Student Satisfaction on Retention in Higher Learning Institutions: A Case of TIA Mwanza Campus
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2024-11-30) Odilah, Thomas; Magoma, Anthony; Gasper, Laban
The satisfaction and retention for students in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) has attracted significant scholarly interest. In today’s highly competitive and technologically advanced environment, the survival of HLIs hinges on addressing student satisfaction by offering a diverse range of services to combat the issues of attrition. Thus, this study investigates the relationship between student satisfaction and retention rates in HLIs. Tanzania Institute of Accountancy–Mwanza campus was purposively selected for this study. A crosssectional survey strategy was used in gathering data from a sample of 323 students from different academic departments. A structured questionnaire with 23 items helped the collection of quantitative data. Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression in IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29. Results reveal that the quality of instructors, admission process, and mentorship programs positively and significantly influence student retention. These findings imply that HLIs should prioritize strategic investments in streamline admission procedures and implement comprehensive mentorship programs to enhance student satisfaction and retention. From a policy perspective, the study underscores the need for institutional policies that mandate the regular evaluation and improvement of student support services to reduce dropout rates and enhance overall educational experience. These results are crucial in developing various strategies aimed at improving the educational experience of students at TIA and eventually attracting more students in the future by reducing any cases of attrition among the current students.
Female Directors' Expertise in the Audit Committee and Corporate Environmental Disclosure. Evidence from Listed Non-Financial Firms in Kenya
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2024-11-30) Magoma, Anthony; Mkunde, Beatrice
This study examines the influence of female directors' expertise in the audit committee and corporate environmental disclosure (CED) of listed non-financial firms in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). Despite growing interest in gender diversity in corporate governance, existing empirical research in Kenya has largely overlooked the specific impact of female audit committee members’ professional expertise, particularly in accounting and finance, on CED. Addressing this gap, the study focuses on two key variables: female audit committee members with accounting/finance backgrounds and those without. Guided by agency theory, resource dependency theory, and stakeholder theory, the study utilized a content analysis approach to manually review and code annual reports of 20 listed non-financial firms from 2016 to 2023, resulting in a balanced panel of 160 firm-year observations. Fixed effect panel regression was used to test the hypotheses, while the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) was used to test for robustness. The results revealed that female audit committee members with accounting and finance expertise significantly influenced CED. In contrast, female non-accounting and finance experts in the audit committee exerted a negative and significant influence on CED. The study concludes that accounting and finance expertise among female directors in the audit committee is a key determinant of CED among listed non-financial firms in Kenya. The study recommends that listed non-financial firms should promote gender diversity by appointing females with relevant expertise to audit committees. It also urges policymakers to issue guidelines that emphasize both gender representation and professional competence to enhance CED in emerging economies like Kenya.
Audit committee chair expertise and firm performance: A case study of listed financial firms in Kenya
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2024-11) Jonathan, Osca; Magoma, Anthony
This study examines the influence of Audit Committee (AC) chair expertise on financial performance, as measured by the return on assets (ROA) of listed financial firms on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) in Kenya. It specifically focuses on three explanatory variables of AC chair expertise: monitoring expertise, accounting and financial expertise, and experiential expertise. Despite the important governance role played by audit committees, there is limited empirical evidence exploring how the specific expertise of audit committee chairs affects firm performance. The present study seeks to fill the gap by assessing the relationship between AC chair expertise and financial performance. Agency and Human Capital theories were used as the theoretical foundation. A quantitative approach was used to collect secondary data from the annual reports and audited financial statements of 18 listed financial firms at NSE from 2016 to 2022, resulting in a balanced panel of 126 data points. Fixed-effects panel regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that AC's experiential expertise significantly influenced the firm’s financial performance. The study concludes that AC’s experiential expertise is the key determinant of financial performance among listed financial firms in Kenya. Furthermore, the study recommends that listed financial firms in Kenya should prioritize the appointment of AC chairs in the audit committees with substantial experience, particularly those with over three years of relevant experience.
The Impact of Mobile Money on Household Livelihood Outcomes in Africa:
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2024-11-30) Pallangyo, Barakael T.; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
This systematic review of reviews aimed to explore the impact of mobile money on household livelihood outcomes in Africa. This systematic review of reviews determines and summarizes mobile money research trends, and methodologies and conceptual frameworks used in mobile money research discuss the findings and evidence and then suggest approaches for further research. The study reviewed existing systematic reviews published on mobile money and household livelihood outcomes in African between January 2015 and December 2024. The review of reviews shows that a growing number of mobile money research works have used qualitative research approaches for data collection and analysis. The study noted several attempts to develop and apply models/frameworks over explanatory and predictive theories, most notably in the area of social, sociotechnical, and technical. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on the long‐term contribution of mobile money use on livelihoods, patterns of economic inequality, human freedom, and well‐being in African countries. This review of reviews synthesizes existing systematic reviews on the contribution of mobile money for household livelihood outcomes than was previously available for African countries. This review has the potential for several stakeholders, including the public and private sector, intermediaries, and nonprofit organizations, to utilize the accumulated evidence from selected systematic reviews to enable/improve the appropriate and sustainable use of mobile money for improving household livelihood outcomes.
Gauging the Ambivalent Influence of Product Signalling on Smartphone Purchase Decision in Mwanza, Tanzania
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASSS), 2024-11-30) Tago, Gwatako
Cellular industry has experienced an exponential growth and enormous jumps since its inception. Smartphones are getting smarter and stylish than in their earlier decades when the idea was immature. Consequently, the production of varied brands of mobile phones is rapid and huge. The influx of multitudinous brands of smartphones in the Tanzania market has exposed consumers in this country to choice dilemma. The current study sought to establish the effect of product knowledge on smartphone consumers’ purchasing behaviour. A mixed research approach was deemed appropriate since it entails collection of both numerical and non-numerical data for analysis. The use of Cochran formula led to inclusion of 384 participants. Nevertheless, the non-response of some individuals limited the sample size to 75 participants. Hotelling’s T-squared approach facilitated the analysis of quality mean difference between informed and uninformed customers. Further, field observation was made by a researcher along Lumumba Street in Mwanza. Data analysed by linear regression facilitated the estimation of the respondents ‘attitude differences. The gathered evidence showed that smartphone buyers with adequate information prior to shopping demonstrated higher quality products compared to buyers with limited information prior to shopping. Equally, the collected evidence showed that the price of smartphones increased with its quality, implying consumers paid extra cash on smartphones of higher quality. Moreover, the findings showed that preinformed customers rarely considered buying low quality phones sold at low prices. The conclusion drawn from the collected evidence is that there is high correlation between product signalling and consumers’ purchase decision for smartphones. The study recommends that, the Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority (through TCRA), together with the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) closely monitor brands, specifications and quality of imported smartphones in the country. Further, sharing product online reviews by smartphone manufacturers/vendors is likely to improve consumers’ purchase decisions. Lastly, the study is useful to smartphone vendors to develop their marketing approaches based on customers’ preferences.
The impact of small holder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(AgEcon Search, 2006-08-12) Sheryl L Hendriks; Mark M Msaki
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The consumption patterns, dietary diversity and nutrient intakes of certified and partially certified members of an organic farmers' organisation were compared to data from a random sample of non-member households. Two consecutive survey rounds (n = 200) conducted in November 2004 and March 2005 enabled comparison of dietary diversity, nutrient adequacy (in terms of per household adult female equivalents for energy, iron, and vitamin A) and expenditure elasticities between seasons. Households with members engaged in certified comm ercial organic farming enjoyed greater dietary diversity, improved nutrient intakes com pared to households with members in conversion to organic production and households not engaged in commercial organic farming. Farm and non-farm income strongly and positively influenced nutritional adequacy for households of partially certified and certified members of the organisation. Marked differences in expenditure elasticities were found between the three groups. The results suggested that commercialisation of small holder agriculture has potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality directly through income generated and indirectly through increased labour opportunities that result in wages and inkind food transfers. While commerciali sation of small holder agriculture shows potential for improving nutrition, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in South Africa.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Modern Contraceptives Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Mpwapwa District, Central Tanzania
(Maxwell Scientific Organization,, 2012-05-10) James Lwelamira; Gasper Mnyamagola; Mark M. Msaki
This study was undertaken in Mpwapwa District in Central Zone of Tanzania between July toAugust, 2009 to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards modern contraceptives among married womenof reproductive age (15-49 years). Specific objectives of the study were to ascertain knowledge and attitudetowards modern contraceptives, to determine the extent of use of modern contraceptives and identify factorsassociated with current use of modern contraceptive in the study population. Study design involved a cross-sectional survey that involved 160 women randomly selected from eight villages with nearly equal number ofrespondents per village. Data from respondents were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Furthermore, eight Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs), with one FGD per village were also carried out to collectqualitative information. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 12 was used to analysequantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed using Content Analysis (CA). Results of this study revealedknowledge of modern contraceptives in a study population to be high. Furthermore, findings of this studyindicated substantial proportion of respondents to have positive attitude towards modern contraceptives andhence more room for increasing modern contraceptive use in a study population. For example, half (50%) ofrespondent that were aware of modern contraceptives thought that benefits of modern contraceptives outweighnegative effects and 42% agreed that they could recommend use of modern contraceptive to a friend. However,despite presence of positive attitude towards modern contraceptives by a good number of women in a studypopulation, negative attitude of husband towards modern contraceptives can be one of the obstacles for thesuccess of campaigns to increase modern contraceptive use in the study area. Two- third (65.8%) of studyparticipants indicated that their husband doesn’t approve modern contraceptives. Regarding contraceptiveprevalence rate in the target group (i.e., proportion currently use modern contraceptives), although there wassome improvement compared to the past national averages, however, the obtained figure (25%) was far (toolow) from the desired national target of 60%. Results for Binary Multiple Logistic Regression Analysisindicated that Likelihood (chances) of being current user of modern contraceptives by a woman increasedsignificantly by having secondary education and higher (Odds ratio (OR) = 15.18, p<0.05), having highernumber of living children (i.e., 4 and above) (OR = 19.68, p<0.01), spousal communication on moderncontraceptives (OR = 1.84, p<0.05), woman participation in decision making regarding fertility in a family (OR= 19.40, p<0.05) , husband approval of modern contraceptives (OR = 18.46, p<0.01) and having positiveattitudes towards modern contraceptives (OR = 8.50, p<0.05) (i.e., thinking that benefits of moderncontraceptives outweighs negative effects) compared to the counterparts. The Odds (chances) of being currentuser of modern contraceptive by a woman decreased by living more than 5 km from nearest health facility (OR= 0.67, p<0.05) and if had ever encountered side effects (OR = 0.44, p<0.05). Based on these findingsrecommendations for improving modern contraceptive use in a study population have been indicated.
The Use of Contraceptives among Female Students in State University of Zanzibar
(Food and Public Health, 2020) Provident J. Dimoso; Mark M. Msaki; Mwanajuma A. Suleiman
Worldwide, university students fall in the youth group which is prone to unattended sexual risk behaviors that may lead to unwanted pregnancies. With respect to their exposure to family planning aspects, female students at the State University of Zanzibar were anticipated to make use of the family planning facilities available at the university. Simple random sampling was used to obtain 86 female university students involved in the study. Strong belief in Islam religion has been the factor caused almost a half of female university students not to be engaged in sexual intercourse. The majority of students who used contraceptives decided to use tradition contraceptives and not modern contraceptives. Almost all the students who made use of contraceptives had consent of their partners. To make use of contraceptives successful, countrywide promotion to contraceptives should target both males and females. Still a research is required to find out factors that led to reduced adolescent pregnancies in Zanzibar.
Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Areas
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014) Venance Kalumanga; Mark M. Msaki; Fadhili Bwagalilo
At current, the world is struggling to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change to the involved communities. Due to their climatic behaviours, Semi-Arids are among the most vulnerable areas to Climate Change. Adaption to Climate Change has been suggested to lessen the impacts in different areas. However, the adaption is relative to a specific area’s social-economic, physical as well as cultural set up. For this fact, it is a matter that in some areas, culture happens to side-line women in decision making and implementation while adapting for Climate Change. Therefore, the study was carried out at Chololo Eco - Village, in Dodoma Municipality. The aim of the study was to assess the existing climate change adaptation strategies or technologies and the involvement of Gender in Addressing Climate Change Adaptation Technologies. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed. The research revealed that among the proportion 36%, 29%, 35%, 32%, and 59% of female respondents attended transfer of innovation sessions for Agriculture, Water Management and Conservation, Afforestation, Food Security and Economic Adaptation. More men attended sessions for transfer of innovations as compared to women. Tradition, culture and household chores impended women not to involve much in such sessions. Fortunately, women not attending in such session did not connote not adapting to Climate Change. Roles occupied in the community and household chores had been the factor for women to decide whether to participate or not participate in the training sessions. Women struggled to attend transfer sessions which seemed to be critical such as Economic Adaptation. Fruitfully women were found to be more involved in Income Generating Activities (IGAs) introduced by Chololo Eco – Village. Deliberate efforts should be carried to ensure that women attend technology transfer sessions to become the first beneficiaries of such innovations.
CEREAL BANK AS A NECESSARY RURAL LIVELIHOOD INSTITUTE IN ARID LAND, MAKOJA VILLAGE, DODOMA-TANZANIA
(Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013) Mark M Msaki; Michael I Mwenda; Irene J Regnard
In 2012, the study was carried at Makoja Village, in Semi-Arid region of Dodoma. The aim of the conducted study was to assess the importance of Cereal Bank to livelihood of farming households. A total of 80 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 computer program. The major findings of the study revealed that, almost all of the households (96.2 %) were poor, while more than a half of the sampled population was chronically food insecure. Income and expenditure analysis revealed that households had no opportunity to manage savings. Further analysis on expenditure revealed that despite being farming households, the later spent large proportion of their income in purchasing food for households. Cereal bank has been potential to provide food at the time of less, storage facility, seed stocking facility and a business opportunity. Cereal banks should be purposively promoted to improve livelihood and assure food security in the rural areas.
Performance of the Constituency Development Catalyst Fund in Kishapu Constituency in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania
(Rural Planning Journal, 2016) M.J. Nhembo; M.M. Msaki
This study was conducted in Kishapu district in the year 2015 to assess the performance of development catalyst funds. Specifically the study intended to identify Constituency Development Catalyst Fund (CDTF) projects and to examine the performance of the CDCF projects. The study sampled 116 respondents and used questionnaire, focused group discussion and interview schedule to collect data. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) and STATA. Results showed that, a number of projects were funded by CDCF. In general, the study found good performance of Constituency development catalyst Funds. The study, therefore recommended that local community should be involved in identification of the projects and also funds should be focused on few and big projects that bring tangible impact in reducing poverty.
Cereal Banks or Seed Banks? An Experience from Makoja Arid Village, Dodoma, Tanzania
(International Knowledge sharing, 2015) Mark M Msaki; Irene Regnard; Michael I Mwenda
Cereal Banks, though important, have failed to become sustainable. The banks have always been requiring close monitoring support or subsidies from an outside agency, but collapse when outside monitoring and subsidies end. Such trend has brought worries and made Cereal Banks labeled negative. Failing to become self-sustaining has called for an inventory to analyze the Cereal Bank benefits realized by the communities. In 2012, a cross section study was done involving 80 households in Makoja Village, Dodoma Region. Makoja Village communities are poor, living in arid land and are chronically food insecure. Surprisingly, significant proportion (89 %) of the respondents acknowledges the Community Cereal Bank as the source of seeds to next season. Poor Makoja Community views the Cereal Bank as the Seed Bank to ensure availability of seeds hence food availability. Cereal banks are essentially not failed attempts but rather require continuing support to ensure production and food security of engaged community. The international development community should explore various outputs realised as benefits by engaged communties before terming them unsuccessful. However, there is a need to increase a pace to promote Community Seed Production Systems to assure improved crop production and household food security.
The impact of smallholder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns, dietary diversity and consumption elasticities
(AgEcon Search, 2009) Hendriks, Sheryl L; Msaki, Mark M.
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The dietary diversity, nutrient intakes and consumption patterns of certified, partially certified and non-members of an organic farmers’ organisation were compared. Engagement in certified commercial organic farming promoted comparatively greater dietary diversity and improved nutrient intakes. While smallholder agriculture commercialisation has the potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality through increased income and labour opportunities, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in rural South Africa.

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