Management Studies

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This Community comprises of three Subject, they are Business Administration, Human Recourse management and Marketing and Public Relations

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The impact of small holder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(AgEcon Search, 2006-08-12) Sheryl L Hendriks; Mark M Msaki
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The consumption patterns, dietary diversity and nutrient intakes of certified and partially certified members of an organic farmers' organisation were compared to data from a random sample of non-member households. Two consecutive survey rounds (n = 200) conducted in November 2004 and March 2005 enabled comparison of dietary diversity, nutrient adequacy (in terms of per household adult female equivalents for energy, iron, and vitamin A) and expenditure elasticities between seasons. Households with members engaged in certified comm ercial organic farming enjoyed greater dietary diversity, improved nutrient intakes com pared to households with members in conversion to organic production and households not engaged in commercial organic farming. Farm and non-farm income strongly and positively influenced nutritional adequacy for households of partially certified and certified members of the organisation. Marked differences in expenditure elasticities were found between the three groups. The results suggested that commercialisation of small holder agriculture has potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality directly through income generated and indirectly through increased labour opportunities that result in wages and inkind food transfers. While commerciali sation of small holder agriculture shows potential for improving nutrition, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in South Africa.
The impact of smallholder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns, dietary diversity and consumption elasticities
(AgEcon Search, 2009) Hendriks, Sheryl L; Msaki, Mark M.
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The dietary diversity, nutrient intakes and consumption patterns of certified, partially certified and non-members of an organic farmers’ organisation were compared. Engagement in certified commercial organic farming promoted comparatively greater dietary diversity and improved nutrient intakes. While smallholder agriculture commercialisation has the potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality through increased income and labour opportunities, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in rural South Africa.
Local Government Reform Programs and Human Resource Capacity Building in Africa: Evidence from Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania
(International Journal of Public Administration, 2010) Pallangyo, W. A
The Impact of Smallholder Commercialisation of Organic Crops on Food Consumption Patterns, Dietary Diversity and Consumption Elasticities
(Agricultural Economics Research, Policy and Practice in Southern Africa (Agrekon), 2010-05-07) Msaki, Mark M; Hendriks, Sheryl L
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The dietary diversity, nutrient intakes and consumption patterns of certified, partially certified and non-members of an organic farmers' organisation were compared. Engagement in certified commercial organic farming promoted comparatively greater dietary diversity and improved nutrient intakes. While smallholder agriculture commercialisation has the potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality through increased income and labour opportunities, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in rural South Africa.
Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration: A Comparative Analysis of the Position Under English and Tanzanian Law
(Journal of African and International Law, 2012) Tegamaisho, P
This study focusses on the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration in the legal systems of England compared with the situation in Tanzania. Although confidentiality is one of the essential features of arbitration, confidentiality in arbitration is not always guaranteed and its status brings problems in different countries. Therefore, the author critically analyses the extent to which the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration is applied in various countries, particularly in England and Tanzania. In so doing, decided cases, various institutional rules for arbitration are also reviewed for their treatment of confidentiality. These countries have been chosen because they share a common legal system, that is, common law.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Modern Contraceptives Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Mpwapwa District, Central Tanzania
(Maxwell Scientific Organization,, 2012-05-10) James Lwelamira; Gasper Mnyamagola; Mark M. Msaki
This study was undertaken in Mpwapwa District in Central Zone of Tanzania between July toAugust, 2009 to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards modern contraceptives among married womenof reproductive age (15-49 years). Specific objectives of the study were to ascertain knowledge and attitudetowards modern contraceptives, to determine the extent of use of modern contraceptives and identify factorsassociated with current use of modern contraceptive in the study population. Study design involved a cross-sectional survey that involved 160 women randomly selected from eight villages with nearly equal number ofrespondents per village. Data from respondents were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Furthermore, eight Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs), with one FGD per village were also carried out to collectqualitative information. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 12 was used to analysequantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed using Content Analysis (CA). Results of this study revealedknowledge of modern contraceptives in a study population to be high. Furthermore, findings of this studyindicated substantial proportion of respondents to have positive attitude towards modern contraceptives andhence more room for increasing modern contraceptive use in a study population. For example, half (50%) ofrespondent that were aware of modern contraceptives thought that benefits of modern contraceptives outweighnegative effects and 42% agreed that they could recommend use of modern contraceptive to a friend. However,despite presence of positive attitude towards modern contraceptives by a good number of women in a studypopulation, negative attitude of husband towards modern contraceptives can be one of the obstacles for thesuccess of campaigns to increase modern contraceptive use in the study area. Two- third (65.8%) of studyparticipants indicated that their husband doesn’t approve modern contraceptives. Regarding contraceptiveprevalence rate in the target group (i.e., proportion currently use modern contraceptives), although there wassome improvement compared to the past national averages, however, the obtained figure (25%) was far (toolow) from the desired national target of 60%. Results for Binary Multiple Logistic Regression Analysisindicated that Likelihood (chances) of being current user of modern contraceptives by a woman increasedsignificantly by having secondary education and higher (Odds ratio (OR) = 15.18, p<0.05), having highernumber of living children (i.e., 4 and above) (OR = 19.68, p<0.01), spousal communication on moderncontraceptives (OR = 1.84, p<0.05), woman participation in decision making regarding fertility in a family (OR= 19.40, p<0.05) , husband approval of modern contraceptives (OR = 18.46, p<0.01) and having positiveattitudes towards modern contraceptives (OR = 8.50, p<0.05) (i.e., thinking that benefits of moderncontraceptives outweighs negative effects) compared to the counterparts. The Odds (chances) of being currentuser of modern contraceptive by a woman decreased by living more than 5 km from nearest health facility (OR= 0.67, p<0.05) and if had ever encountered side effects (OR = 0.44, p<0.05). Based on these findingsrecommendations for improving modern contraceptive use in a study population have been indicated.
CEREAL BANK AS A NECESSARY RURAL LIVELIHOOD INSTITUTE IN ARID LAND, MAKOJA VILLAGE, DODOMA-TANZANIA
(Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013) Mark M Msaki; Michael I Mwenda; Irene J Regnard
In 2012, the study was carried at Makoja Village, in Semi-Arid region of Dodoma. The aim of the conducted study was to assess the importance of Cereal Bank to livelihood of farming households. A total of 80 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 computer program. The major findings of the study revealed that, almost all of the households (96.2 %) were poor, while more than a half of the sampled population was chronically food insecure. Income and expenditure analysis revealed that households had no opportunity to manage savings. Further analysis on expenditure revealed that despite being farming households, the later spent large proportion of their income in purchasing food for households. Cereal bank has been potential to provide food at the time of less, storage facility, seed stocking facility and a business opportunity. Cereal banks should be purposively promoted to improve livelihood and assure food security in the rural areas.
Cereal Bank as a Necessary Rural Livelihood Institute in Arid Land, Makoja Village, Dodoma-Tanzania
(Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013) Msaki, Mark M.; Mwenda, Michael I.; Regnard, Irene J.
In 2012, the study was carried at Makoja Village, in Semi-Arid region of Dodoma. The aim of the conducted study was to assess the importance of Cereal Bank to livelihood of farming households. A total of 80 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 computer program. The major findings of the study revealed that, almost all of the households (96.2 %) were poor, while more than a half of the sampled population was chronically food insecure. Income and expenditure analysis revealed that households had no opportunity to manage savings. Further analysis on expenditure revealed that despite being farming households, the later spent large proportion of their income in purchasing food for households. Cereal bank has been potential to provide food at the time of less, storage facility, seed stocking facility and a business opportunity. Cereal banks should be purposively promoted to improve livelihood and assure food security in the rural areas.
Do Food Quality and Food Quantity Talk the Same? Lesson From Household Food Security Study in Embo, South Africa
(Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2013-07-25) Msaki, Mark M.; Hendriks, Sheryl L.
Objectives: Relating food diversity, quality, and intake is one of the key aspects in understanding household food security. This paper aimed at marying food intake and quality, both being measurement for food security. Methods: A household food consumption survey (n = 200) exploring food diversity, quality of foods, and their relation to food intake in Embo, a poor farming community in rural KwaZulu-Natal was carried out in November 2004 (period of insufficiency) and repeated in March 2005 (period of plenty). Household food intake strata were developed using matrices obtained from the Household Food Intake Index and nutritional adequacy ratios. Food quality was measured using food count and later using 5 food groups, namely, starches, vegetables and fruits, animal sourced foods, fats, and legumes. Results: Single food count showed dietary diversity to be significantly different across households with different food intake during the period of plenty (P ≤ 0.000). During the period of plenty, vegetable and fruits contributed significantly different proportions of energy (P ≤ 0.000), protein (P ≤ 0.006), iron (P ≤ 0.020), and vitamin E (P ≤ 0.006) to household food intake strata. Intake of vitamin A was more elastic as its intake variation from legumes, fats, and animal sourced foods was (P ≤ 0.000), from starches (P ≤ 0.008) and from vegetable and fruits (P ≤ 0.064) during the second round. Starches are the most important food group to the community, whereas fats and animal sourced food groups are less important. Conclusions: The current study has been able to include food quality in food security studies. Seasonality accounts for variation in food quality. The South African food-based dietary guidelines are relevant to the Embo community.
Prospects and Challenges in the Deliverance of Executive Asters Degree Programmes
(Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 2014) Pallangyo, W. A
In the recent decade Executive Masters degree programmes have become very popular deliverance in the Tanzanian higher learning institutions. Such shift of paradigm may have occurred due to public budgetary cuts, employment and socio economic conditions that do not favour full time courses attendance and recent higher learning marketing processes. Using The Open University of Tanzania as a case study, this article will focus on two programmes, namely; Executive Masters in Business Administration (EMBA) and Masters in Community Economic Development (MCED) to analyze its deliverance prospects and challenges. Data collection tools included questionnaire, interviews and documentary analysis. We are arguing that the Executive Master‟s Degree programmes can be made more effective by being more practical, learner-centered and adoption of blended learning approach. These changes in the provision of Executive Masters degree programmes may expand the impact of the higher learning institutions in the communities and labor markets
Contribution of Tanzania to the Theory of Knowledge Sharing Behavior
(International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Othman, S. Z; Mohamed Issa, M.F
Purpose- This paper intends to discourse the development of theory in the Tanzania context, based on the potentiality of advancing knowledge sharing theory globally. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework that is essential for studying knowledge sharing behaviour which is critically significant for the organizational changes and national reforms as well for sustaining in tremendous competition. Moreover, the study established the need to undergo investigation in order to illustrate the degree of performance of theory in the context of Tanzania, which will depict a comparison with developed countries. Methodology- This paper reviewed the theory of planned behaviour and it portrayed TPB as the underpinned theory for revising knowledge sharing in the context of Tanzania. Findings- The study revealed propositions that are fundamental in developing the theory of planned behaviour for studying knowledge sharing in the Tanzania context. Limitations of the study- this paper offers suggestions for proposition testing and direction for further studies in knowledge sharing behaviour. The implication of the study- the paper provides development of theory and practice, the research might provide insight for improving knowledge sharing practices in order to realise organizational development and national reforms(BRN) in the context of Tanzania. Value- This paper relies on theoretical approaches, particularly on the advancement of the theory of plan of behaviour under the addition of the collectivist culture and interpersonal relation towards knowledge sharing behaviour in Tanzania.
The Effect of Training and Development and Employee Relations on Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Tanzania Public Service College
(Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 2014) Balozi, M.A; Aman, K. D
This paper examines the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC). Training and development and employee relations were tested against job satisfaction. A total of 100 respondents from Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC) participated in the study. The study used correlation and regression analysis for data analysis. The findings indicate that training and development and employee relations are positively related to job satisfaction and they are indicating a strong contribution to job satisfaction. This study is adding empirical knowledge on the effect of training and development and employee relations on job satisfaction in Public sectors. Suggestions are made for further research to increase job satisfaction among employees.
Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Areas
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014) Venance Kalumanga; Mark M. Msaki; Fadhili Bwagalilo
At current, the world is struggling to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change to the involved communities. Due to their climatic behaviours, Semi-Arids are among the most vulnerable areas to Climate Change. Adaption to Climate Change has been suggested to lessen the impacts in different areas. However, the adaption is relative to a specific area’s social-economic, physical as well as cultural set up. For this fact, it is a matter that in some areas, culture happens to side-line women in decision making and implementation while adapting for Climate Change. Therefore, the study was carried out at Chololo Eco - Village, in Dodoma Municipality. The aim of the study was to assess the existing climate change adaptation strategies or technologies and the involvement of Gender in Addressing Climate Change Adaptation Technologies. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed. The research revealed that among the proportion 36%, 29%, 35%, 32%, and 59% of female respondents attended transfer of innovation sessions for Agriculture, Water Management and Conservation, Afforestation, Food Security and Economic Adaptation. More men attended sessions for transfer of innovations as compared to women. Tradition, culture and household chores impended women not to involve much in such sessions. Fortunately, women not attending in such session did not connote not adapting to Climate Change. Roles occupied in the community and household chores had been the factor for women to decide whether to participate or not participate in the training sessions. Women struggled to attend transfer sessions which seemed to be critical such as Economic Adaptation. Fruitfully women were found to be more involved in Income Generating Activities (IGAs) introduced by Chololo Eco – Village. Deliberate efforts should be carried to ensure that women attend technology transfer sessions to become the first beneficiaries of such innovations.
Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Areas: A Gender Perspective
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014) Msaki, Mark M.; Kalumanga, Venance.; Bwagalilo, Fadhili.
At current, the world is struggling to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change to the involved communities. Due to their climatic behaviours, Semi-Arids are among the most vulnerable areas to Climate Change. Adaption to Climate Change has been suggested to lessen the impacts in different areas. However, the adaption is relative to a specific area’s social-economic, physical as well as cultural set up. For this fact, it is a matter that in some areas, culture happens to side-line women in decision making and implementation while adapting for Climate Change. Therefore, the study was carried out at Chololo Eco - Village, in Dodoma Municipality. The aim of the study was to assess the existing climate change adaptation strategies or technologies and the involvement of Gender in Addressing Climate Change Adaptation Technologies. A total of 110 respondents were interviewed. The research revealed that among the proportion 36%, 29%, 35%, 32%, and 59% of female respondents attended transfer of innovation sessions for Agriculture, Water Management and Conservation, Afforestation, Food Security and Economic Adaptation. More men attended sessions for transfer of innovations as compared to women. Tradition, culture and household chores impended women not to involve much in such sessions. Fortunately, women not attending in such session did not connote not adapting to Climate Change. Roles occupied in the community and household chores had been the factor for women to decide whether to participate or not participate in the training sessions. Women struggled to attend transfer sessions which seemed to be critical such as Economic Adaptation. Fruitfully women were found to be more involved in Income Generating Activities (IGAs) introduced by Chololo Eco – Village. Deliberate efforts should be carried to ensure that women attend technology transfer sessions to become the first beneficiaries of such innovations.
Trade Impediments and Market Transaction Arrangements for Maize and Rice in Tanzania
(World Journal of Social Science Research, 2014) Pallangyo, W. A
This research paper is focused on the exploration of the impediments to beneficial trade and their resultant market transaction arrangement in maize and rice. The study therefore was confined to the following three specific objectives to first, explore perceptions and experiences on the impediments to beneficial trade among rice and maize growers and their socio-economic impacts for farmers and food security in the study area. Second, to identify production and marketing models and describe their structure, conduct and performance; and thirdly, to describe transaction costs and related impediments in the value added chain for both crops in Tanzania. Survey was done in three regions: Shinyanga region representing rice growing regions and Ruvuma and Iringa regions representing maize growing regions of Tanzania. The study involved a sample of 100 smallholder rice farmer traders and 131 maize farmer traders. This study adapted Williamsonian Transaction Costs Economics (TCE) approach (as applied in Pitelis (1993) and Furubotn et al. (2000) to identify market arrangements based on transaction costs of producing and trading in the two grain crops. Based on the observed farmers’ perception and experiences with prevailing trade impediments, this study has proposed five stylized market arrangements referred to in this paper as Cereal Transaction Arrangements (CTAs). Each of these CTAs was found to have strengths and weaknesses—hence no single trade policy could be more appropriate across all CTAs. The paper recommends that the government should reduce transactions costs in CTA4 and also CTA5 which involve more progressive commercial farmers by putting in place pro-poor trade policies. Such transaction costs include cost of identifying weighing devices, constructing warehouses, corruption, levies and quantitative trade restrictions.
Measuring Household Food Security Using Food Intake Indicators in Rural Kwazulu Natal, South Africa
(Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2014-04-24) Msaki, Mark M.; Hendriks, Sheryl L.
Estimation of micronutrients intake in food consumption surveys has generally been ignored. Focusing on similar households, a household food consumption survey (n = 200) was carried out in November 2004 (period of less) and March 2005 (period of plenty) in rural KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Diet diversity, energy, protein and micronutrient intakes were proxies of household food security. Principal Component Analysis was used to estimate household food adequacy and strength of the variables (nutrients) in determining household intake variation amongst the community. On average, variation in household intake was contributed by energy (62.8%), iron (20.2%), protein (11.8%), vitamin E (3.8%), vitamin A (1.0%), and dietary diversity (0.3%). Linking food intake to household variables can generate plausible variables for measuring household food security.
Cereal Banks or Seed Banks? An Experience from Makoja Arid Village, Dodoma, Tanzania
(International Knowledge sharing, 2015) Mark M Msaki; Irene Regnard; Michael I Mwenda
Cereal Banks, though important, have failed to become sustainable. The banks have always been requiring close monitoring support or subsidies from an outside agency, but collapse when outside monitoring and subsidies end. Such trend has brought worries and made Cereal Banks labeled negative. Failing to become self-sustaining has called for an inventory to analyze the Cereal Bank benefits realized by the communities. In 2012, a cross section study was done involving 80 households in Makoja Village, Dodoma Region. Makoja Village communities are poor, living in arid land and are chronically food insecure. Surprisingly, significant proportion (89 %) of the respondents acknowledges the Community Cereal Bank as the source of seeds to next season. Poor Makoja Community views the Cereal Bank as the Seed Bank to ensure availability of seeds hence food availability. Cereal banks are essentially not failed attempts but rather require continuing support to ensure production and food security of engaged community. The international development community should explore various outputs realised as benefits by engaged communties before terming them unsuccessful. However, there is a need to increase a pace to promote Community Seed Production Systems to assure improved crop production and household food security.
Performance of the Constituency Development Catalyst Fund in Kishapu Constituency in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania
(Rural Planning Journal, 2016) M.J. Nhembo; M.M. Msaki
This study was conducted in Kishapu district in the year 2015 to assess the performance of development catalyst funds. Specifically the study intended to identify Constituency Development Catalyst Fund (CDTF) projects and to examine the performance of the CDCF projects. The study sampled 116 respondents and used questionnaire, focused group discussion and interview schedule to collect data. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) and STATA. Results showed that, a number of projects were funded by CDCF. In general, the study found good performance of Constituency development catalyst Funds. The study, therefore recommended that local community should be involved in identification of the projects and also funds should be focused on few and big projects that bring tangible impact in reducing poverty.
How Centralized Recruitment Influence Employee’s Turnover in Tanzania Local Government Authorities: Experience from Moshi Municipal Council
(International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2016) Mrutu, L.L; Ngowi, A.O
The recruitment of different human resources in Tanzania local government authorities is centrally organized through the Tanzania Public Service Recruitment Secretariat. The aim has been to facilitate the recruitment of competent personnel to fill identified vacant posts in different local authorities. Despite the positive contributions of centralized recruitment including the recruitment of competent staff, the system has been blamed for causing labour turnover among centrally recruited staff. However, little was known as to how centralized recruitment influenced labour and therefore the aim of this article is to show how centralized recruitment influences labour turnover in local authorities. The study employed a case study design whereby Moshi Municipal Council was chosen. Documentary review and in-depth interviews were used to collect data whereby a total of six respondents were interviewed. Findings shows that centralized recruitment influence employees turnover because employees are recruited from different places to work in new areas which they are not familiar with something which later affects their relationships with employers and therefore decides to leave. Conclusively, this paper calls for government attention to revisit the decision of recentralizing human resources recruitment and build the capacity of local authorities to recruit their employees.
Impediments of E-learning Adoption in Higher Learning Institutions of Tanzania: An Empirical Review
(Journal of Education and Practice, 2016) Mwakyusa, Wilson P
It is experienced that most of the Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) in developing countries including Tanzania fails to fully implement e-learning system as a an alternative method of delivering education to a large population in the universities. However, some of HLIs are practicing the blended method by which both elearning and traditional teaching methods are employed. The study therefore, aimed to explore the most critical impediments for e-learning adoption at (HLIs) in Tanzania. Moreover, most of the HLIs in developing countries are facing with the problem of poor ICT infrastructures, lack of experts in ICT solutions and internet connectivity. This study made an empirical review to a total of 18 relevant literatures conducted in HLIs of Tanzania in order to critically indentify the most critical impediments. It is found that there is a serious problem of technological infrastructures including lack of computers in HLIs to save students all time, low internet bandwidth, low ICT- competence among the educational stakeholders which impede the successful e-learning implementation. Furthermore, it was found that most of the HLIs they had no e-learning policy in operational as a result there is lack of technical and managerial support towards the new e-learning technology. In the end the study proposed the strategies that direct the road towards the success of e-learning implementation at HLIs in developing countries including Tanzania

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