Procurement

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Explaining the Adoption of Deterministic Procurement Strategies to Economically Empower Minority Owned Businesses (MOBs)
(African Journal of Accounting and African Studies (AJASSS), 2024-01) Ibrahim, Uswege S.; Manda, Alfred N.
During the financial years 2019/20 and 2020/21, audited public entities did not set aside the mandatory 30% annual procurement volume for preferential procurement for minority-owned businesses. Thus, the study investigated the factors that influence the adoption of preferential procurement by public entities in Tanzania. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design to explain the factors that influence the adoption of the preferential procurement scheme. Data was collected using a questionnaire from 122 procurement practitioners in public entities. The collected data were quantitatively analyzed. The results show that all aspects under perceptions of performance ability, internal facilitating conditions, and legislative framework clarity were significantly [p  0.05] influencing the adoption of the preferential procurement scheme. In light of the findings, the study concludes that the country isn’t exploiting the full advantages of preferential procurement in solving unemployment issues and alleviating poverty. Thus, public entities must develop a sound internal culture of commitment to social responsibility as a prerequisite to the effective adoption of preferential procurement. Also, the quality of legislative frameworks (Procurement Act, regulations, and implementation guidelines) should be improved with a focus on clarity on the implementation of preferential procurement.
Discriminating in Favor of Local Tenderers: Evaluating Mainland Tanzania’s Domestic Procurement Preference Practices
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASS), 2023-12) Ibrahim, Uswege S.; Kyara, Eliaichi J.
As a result of international collaboration, countries worldwide opened their procurement practices to foreign competition. However, with foreign competition, governments are jeopardizing the achievement of national economic, political, and social objectives through public procurement. Thus, governments have implemented protectionism by stipulating in the procurement laws that domestic tenderers should be granted preference when making government-related acquisitions. Therefore, this study primarily evaluated Tanzania’s domestic preference practice to determine the application of legal provisions and the efficiencies achieved from making acquisitions through domestic tenderers. The study used a doctrinal method, where the expositions of the law were compared with actual practice. Data was collected from fourteen procurement experts using in-depth interviews. The interviews were derived from the Delphi research concepts, where interviews were conducted on a ‘rounds’ basis to establish the consensus of findings between procurement experts. The study found inconsistencies when applying domestic preference, where procuring entities did not state in tendering documents the application of domestic preference while the procurement value fell within the range of domestic preference application. Also, preference for special groups in procuring entity jurisdictions was not included in procurement plans. Additionally, it was found that domestic tenderers are faced with capital challenges that affect their ability to effectively discharge procurement contracts by possessing sufficient resources. The study recommends that procuring entities embrace domestic preference to contribute to domestic economic growth and development by correctly abiding by the provisions of the law when administering tendering processes.
Exploring the Challenges and Adoption Dynamics of E-procurement in Private Organizations in Singida, Tanzania: A Survey-Based Analysis
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASS), 2023-12) Kyara, Eliaichi J.
The study explored the challenges and adoption dynamics of E-procurement in private organizations, a case of the Singida Region. The study targeted hospitals, schools, shops (retail and wholesale), hardware shops, garages, hotels, restaurants, and petrol stations around Singida. Primarily, the study investigated challenges in using E-procurement and factors affecting the adoption of E procurement among retail and wholesale companies in Singida. Ultimately, it aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by offering actionable recommendations for maximizing the benefits of E-procurement in private organizations. A cross-sectional survey design was used, and a total of 50 privately owned organizations were selected, along with a sample of 50 respondents (using a judgmental sampling technique), one member from each organization. The investigation through descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with a p-value of 0.05 uncovered that the uptake of E-procurement in Singida has been slow and confined. A combination of cost and financial constraints, political factors, and software network availability contributed to this predicament. To tackle these obstacles and advance electronic procurement in Tanzania, the investigation recommends diverse strategies like training and support, a user-friendly interface, integration with existing systems, and vendor collaboration as key factors in making E-procurement easier to use. On the other hand, there is more contention regarding strategies like creating a standard policy and regular communication on the patterns of procurement processes.
Determinants for Adoption of Electronic Procurement Systems by Public Institutions: A Case of Tanzania Institute of Accountancy
(African Journal of Accounting and Social Science Studies (AJASS), 2023-12) Njunwa, Arnold L.
This study focuses on evaluating the factors influencing the adoption of electronic procurement systems in Tanzanian procuring entities. Specifically, the research aimed to investigate the impact of organizational factors, technological infrastructure, and environmental issues on the adoption of e-procurement in public procuring entities. The study employed a case study research design, with the Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA) head office as the selected study area. A purposive sample of 74 respondents was chosen from the population, and data was gathered using structured questionnaires. To analyze the relationships between the dependent and independent variables, the study utilized multiple regression and correlation analysis. The findings indicated a positive and significant correlation between organizational factors, technological infrastructure, and environmental issues in the adoption of e-procurement by public procuring entities. The study concludes that organizational factors, technological infrastructure, and environmental considerations are pivotal determinants for the adoption of e-procurement in public procuring entities. As a recommendation, the study suggests that the government, particularly through the Ministry of Finance, should enhance organizational factors by ensuring adequate resource allocation to facilitate the successful adoption of e-procurement practices.
GREEN PROCUREMENT NEXUS PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS: EMPIRICAL REFLECTIONS
(Arca Academic Publisher, 2023-10-31) Kimario, H. F; Ernest, E; Festo, D. K; Nicodemus, A. M; Shilemba, S
Purpose: This literature-based study assessed green procurement practices as a strategic tool for protecting the environment in favor of the performance of manufacturing firms. Design/Methodology/Approach: A systematic qualitative scrutiny aided by nomothetic content analysis from the published papers centered on green procurement as a global strategic approach to protecting the environment was employed. Findings: Green procurement practices are documented as useful for the performance of firms. Moreover, little has been pronounced on relevant practices in Tanzania. Manufacturing firms are charged for environmental compliance and hence call for a related conceptual study. Research Limitation/Implication: The study limited itself to the literature alone out of no cause-effect relationship testing of green procurement practices against performance hence calling for the quantitative study guided by hypothesis testing. Practical Implications: The practical implications of the green procurement nexus on the performance of manufacturing firms are significant and can influence various aspects of a company's operations, sustainability efforts, and overall success. Social Implications: The study contributes to the Environmental Social Governance (ESG) agenda by highlighting the green procurement practices to be taken on board for the social wellbeing of the delivery of materials to manufacturing firms in consistency with the governance mechanisms. Originality/Value: Suggestion: The novelty of the study on the green procurement nexus and manufacturing firm performance lies in its empirical, multidimensional, and forward-looking approach to understanding how sustainable procurement practices can impact various facets of a manufacturing firm's operations and long-term sustainability. It contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of sustainability and business performance.
Modelling Consumer Price Index in Tanzania: Holt Winter’s Approach
(IJMAE, 2023-08-28) Ernest, Enid; Gasper, Laban
Consumer price index (CPI) is a socioeconomic statistic that tracks changes over time in the average price of consumer goods and services such as household purchases of fuel, transportation, food and so on that consumers buy, use, or pay for. The purchasing power of everyone is impacted by rising costs, especially if salaries stay the same. Our ability to purchase more things with our TZS reduces when the CPI increases more quickly than earnings, which has an impact on our cost of living. The aim of this study is to use the CPI monthly data from IMF website for the period from Jan 2010 to Dec 2022 to develop a forecasting model by using Holt Winter’s approach. Holt Winter's model based on four equations and popularly known as Triple exponential smoothing is commonly used in forecasting data with trends and seasonality. Holt Winter’s model is composed of four equations relating to level, trend, seasonal and forecast. The results revealed that the Holt winter’s model with smoothing parameters, 0.9 for level, 0.12 for trend, and 0.03 for seasonal was the best model in forecasting Consumer Price Index. The CPI for Tanzania is predicted for the next eighteen months and it has been observed that the trend of CPI is likely to increase in the next eighteen months.
Procurement Contract Management and Procurement Performance in Parastatal Organisations in Tanzania
(TIA, 2022-12-31) Y, Masoud.; T, Emmanuel.; M, Salum.
Despite a lot of initiatives being undertaken by the United Republic of Tanzania to improve public procurement, the performance of many of the contracted projects is not satisfactory since a significant amount of public money is lost through procurement contract management. The aim of this study was to determine the role of procurement contract management in Tanzania's parastatal entities. The study examined the impact of contract preparation, the competence of the contract management team, and the contract allocated budget on procurement performance and made recommendations for improving it. The study used a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design whereby data were collected by using a close-ended questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 241 respondents who were heads of departments from the 93 parastatal organizations. The data were analysed descriptively by computing descriptive statistics and inferentially using a multiple regression model. The findings indicated that contract preparation, competence of contract management teams, and contract allocated budget had significant positive relationships with procurement performance at p<0.05. The study recommends that parastatal organizations' management should ensure that there is proper contact preparation, each contract being managed by a competent contract management team, and there is enough budget allocation for every project before it is started.
Decongesting Urban Areas through Implementation of Soft Transportation Policies Encouraging Public Transport Usage: Explaining Critical Success Factors from Commuters’ Experience
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Ibrahim, Uswege S.; Msumanje, Godlisten; Manda, Alfred N.
Urban congestion has been a big impediment to socio-economic development which has led to endless search for ways to curb it. In Dar es Salaam, the government opted for the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) to encourage public transport usage. The belief is that, with the presence of BRT, private vehicle users will change their travel behaviour towards public transport usage. However, the shift towards using public transport is considered unstable because transport planners believe soft transportation policy won’t produce long term effects. This sceptical belief led to the expansion of roads that motivate private vehicle usage due to the reduction of driving costs. The interplay of scepticism of transport planners and an inclination to switching to private vehicle usage affects the long term impact of implementing a BRT system. This study adopted for a descriptive design to explain the factors that influence public transport usage. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire along the BRT phase one network and were subjected to descriptive analysis and principal component analysis. Results depicted lower levels of using BRT buses as a primary commuting option. Results further indicated that, about using BRT buses, commuters stated that travel time reduction and reliability, service accessibility and assurance and trip safety and tangibles were key service quality factors. Thus, BRT faces a low adoption rate; hence private vehicle usage has increased along BRT corridors. To increase and ensure the sustainability of BRT, it is imperative that the quality of service be improved and road expansion to city centre be abated.
Practitioners’ Perception on Use of E-procurement Practices towards Cost Saving in Public Procurement in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Maagi, Barnabas; Mwakalobo, Adam
Increased cost in procurement has consequences which can affect an organization and thus lead to inefficiency. The objective of this study was to examine practitioners’ perceptions on use of e-procurement practices towards cost saving in public procurement. The study employed explanatory sequential mixed methods which involved both quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected from respondents by using a structured questionnaire involving a sample size of 290 procurement practitioners who were selected by using simple random sampling technique. In addition, five key informants were used to give detailed information on clarification of quantitative data. Quantitative data were analysed by using a Binary Regression Model to determine if there was significant saving or no saving in cost under e-procurement practices while qualitative data were analysed by using content analysis which presented data in their natural setting based on themes and major concepts. The findings indicate that three variables namely e-requisitioning, e-ordering and e-payment were found statistically significant on enhancing cost saving under e-procurement practices with p-values of 0.000; 0.048 and 0.001 respectively. Therefore, the study concluded that the use of e-procurement practices enhances cost saving in areas of requisitioning, ordering and payments. The study recommends that policy makers should develop better policies on e-procurement that focuses on cost reduction, and public entities should establish cost control programmes with aid of e-procurement technology which keeps an eye on costsincurred to improve efficiency in procurement.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Behaviour through Electronic Business to Consumer (B2C) Sites and Marketplaces: Evidence from Internet Users in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Ibrahim, Uswege S.
The study established the online purchasing choices and factors that affect customer online purchasing behaviour that is determined by customer online buying experience. A descripto-explanatory design was adopted so as to profile and explain the causal effect relationship of repetitive online purchasing. The study sampled 385 internet users, and data were collected using online survey tools. Multistage sampling was adopted, whereby at first online platforms were purposively selected and thereafter the shared survey tool was open for anyone to access and respond. Data collected were both quantitatively and qualitatively analysed and presented. The findings show that online purchasers prefer to purchase from social media applications rather than from specialized e commerce sites. Also, the findings reveal that online buyers can purchase quality products and at affordable prices online just as they did in physical retail markets. Pertaining to factors affecting customer online purchasing behaviour, it was found that online buying experience is affected by presence of phantom sellers, lengthy browsing time, user friendliness of e-marketplaces and internet data cost. Further, the study found that in spite of negative experiences encountered when purchasing online, buyers aren’t willing to entirely quit making online purchases. The study concludes that e-marketplaces and online retailers are using digital commercial mechanisms which buyers perceive as restrictive. The emergence of social media poses a threat to specialized e commerce sites which causes underutilization of e-commerce sites. The study recommends that online retailers and local e-commerce sites developers should consider electronic dynamism that is user-friendly and offers a variety of products with easily accessible product details.
Contributions of Agricultural Sub-sectors to Economic Growth in Tanzania Mainland: 2010-2018
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Mhagama, Geofrey; Kimaro, Magreth A.; Otieno, Sixtus M.; Kataraiya, Gema D.
The study examined the contributions of agricultural sub-sectors to economic growth in Tanzania Mainland. The study used quarter-annual time series secondary data from 2010 to 2018, collected from National Bureau of statistics (NBS) office. Auto Distributive Lag (ARDL) technique was applied to estimate the long run dynamics and short run dynamics of the study variables. The findings revealed to be significant at the 5% level of significance hence giving strong evidence on the contribution of agricultural sub-sectors to economic growth in Tanzania Mainland.” Furthermore, the empirical findings of the study revealed that agricultural sub-sectors (crops, livestock and fisheries), with the exception of forestry, had positive contributions to economic growth of Tanzania Mainland in both long run and short run. The study recommends that massive attention and investments be directed to the agricultural sub-sectors, especially forestry in order to boost more economic growth of Tanzania.
Determinants of Banks Private Sector Credit Supply in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Mwankemwa, Suma P.
What determines the supply of private sector credit is an issue of policy and research interest in Tanzania. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework, this paper examines relevant factors influencing the supply of private sector credit by banks after the liberalization of the financial sector in Tanzania. The results revealed that a model with real private sector credit as the dependent variable was superior to the alternative model, and real short term lending rate was statistically a superior regressor compared to the real overnight bank lending rate. Moreover, it was found that bank deposits is an unimportant determinant of private sector credit, and that growth and inflation respectively had positive and negative effects on bank credit supply. The results also suggested that real bank credit growth was co-integrated with its determinants over the long run. The results from the analysis imply that policy should focus on policy interventions which promote economic growth, healthy bank balance sheets, and reasonable spread as motivating factors for banks to enhance supply of private sector credit in the country.
Analysing Effects of Professional Burnout on Procurement Performance in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Ibrahim, Uswege S.; Manda, Alfred N.
The increasing demand for procurement professionals to perform well even when the odds are against them breeds workplace burnout which is a feeling of dissatisfaction, cynicism and disinterestedness in their jobs. This paper analyses causes of burnout amongst procurement professionals and explain sits effect on procurement performance. The study on which the paper is based adopted a descripto-explanatory design to explain the causes of burnout and its effect on procurement performance. Expert sampling was used to draw a sample of 156 professionals, but the actual respondents from whom the data were analysed were 109 professionals. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire that was sent to procurement professionals who were selected using the expert sampling method. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression (OLR) analysis. The findings of this study indicated that there was a statistically significant association between professional burnout and procurement performance (p = 0.000), and turnover intentions (p = 0.000). Further, the study used ordinal logistic regression (OLR) to establish the influence of burnout on procurement performance. The findings show that workplace tensions (p = 0.030), workplace recognition (p = 0.002) and individual factors (p = 0.042) were statistically significant causes of professional burnout affecting procurement performance. The study concludes that professional burnout has the potential of affecting procurement performance by neglecting governance tools and failing to achieve value for money. The study recommends that, to maintain and improve procurement performance, it is crucial that management implement workplace stress management interventions and establish robust workplace social support systems.
Associations between Socio-Demographic Factors, Training, Ownership, Licensing and Violation of Traffic Regulations by Commercialized Three - Wheelers in Mbeya City, Tanzani
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Murihano, Nyandwi; Msangi, Francis S.
African countries have experienced a rapid growth in commercialized three wheelers business in which there is also an increase of accidents involving, causing loss of property, injuries and deaths. Accidents involving three-wheelers are attributed to traffic regulation non-compliance. This paper analyses interaction between traffic regulation violation and socio-demographic factors, training, licensing and ownership. The study on which the paper is based adopted a cross-sectional research design, and data were collected from three-wheelers operating in Mbeya City Council. The study included a sample size of 362 respondents who were randomly selected along various parking areas in the area of study. The interaction between the factors and traffic violation was analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Results showed that licensing, ownership of a three-wheeler and traffic safety training were associated with traffic violation. Unlicensed riders, employed riders and untrained riders had more chances of violating traffic regulations more than licensed riders, owner rider and trained riders. Therefore, the study concludes that violation of traffic regulation is still a major problem for three-wheelers. It is imperative that enforcement of relevant regulations is made to ensure that three-wheeler riders are adequately trained. Moreover, law enforcement organs are urged to impose stricter punishments to the offenders, including impounding of the three wheelers.
Buyer–supplier collaboration’s commitment. An antecedent for procurement performance of large manufacturing entities in Tanzania
(Benchmarking: An International Journal © Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023-01-23) Kimario, Honest F.; Mwagike, Leonada R.
Purpose – This study was steered to establish how buyer–supplier collaboration’s commitment attributes serve as an antecedent for procurement performance in large manufacturing entities in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach – A parallel, concurrent, mixed method was used in the study. Quantitatively, 52 firms were surveyed from Temeke Municipality, Tanzania, using questionnaire that specified 1 procurement manager and 1 store manager from those firms, totaling a sample size of 104 respondents. Qualitatively, expressive opinions to supplement the numeric data were gathered from supply chain managers using the saturation principle. Explanatory design analyzed the existing cause–effect relationship, and the null hypotheses were tested using binary logistic regression at p values < 0.05 and ExpB > 1. Findings – Fidelity and enthusiasm to suggest improvements to suppliers and the duration of the collaboration antecede the procurement performance of the manufacturing firms in Tanzania, while devotion to invest resources and initiatives on joint problem solving have no significant impact. Research limitations/implications – The causality between buyer–supplier collaboration and procurement performance has been revealed. Since there might be third party logistics in collaborations, future research should center on their moderating effect. Practical implications – A framework has been developed for liberating procurement performance in the context of large manufacturing firms in Tanzania. Originality/value – Based on Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Dependency Theories, the study revealed the root cause of procurement performance in the context of Tanzanian manufacturing firms, while also considering commitment to buyer–supplier collaboration as a prerequisit for the commendable target.
Cause – effect relationship of trust of buyer – suppliers’ integration on procurement performance in large manufacturing firms in Tanzania
(Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing © Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023-04-27) Kimario, Honest F.; Kiria, Alex. R
Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study was to establish the cause-effect relationship between determinants of trust in the buyer–supplier integration and the procurement performance of large manufacturing firms in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach – The study surveyed 52 firms from Temeke Municipality, Tanzania using questionnaire subjected to one procurement manager and one stores manager tallying a sample size of 104 respondents. Explanatory design was employed due to the presence of cause–effect relationship and the null hypotheses were tested using binary logistic regression technique at p values < 0.05 and ExpB > 1. Findings – Mutual goals, geographical vicinity among partners, and supplier reliability are significant for the procurement performance of the manufacturing firms in Tanzania, whereas interpersonal and interorganizational trusts and perceived buyers’ confidence are of no significant impact. Research limitations/implications – Buyer–supplier integration is a recently embraced and paramount practice for the manufacturing firms in Tanzania. Therefore, longitudinal study would further add value. The presence of the causality from the tested hypothesis appeals for the necessity of progress tracking. Practical implications – Causality has been established, and a framework has been developed for the performance of large manufacturing firms using trust of buyer–supplier integration. Social implications – There shall be creation of more employment opportunities and timely availability of materials from large manufacturing firms in Tanzania. Originality/value – Anchored on transaction cost economics and resource dependency theories, the study disclosed the root cause of procurement performance in the context of manufacturing firms in Tanzania whilst considering trust as a resource advantage of buyer–supplier integration.
The Influence of Communication in the Buyer-Supplier Integration on Procurement Performance of Large Manufacturing Firms in Tanzania
(2021-10-05) Kimario, Honest F.
Despite the efficacious communication evident in the buyer-supplier integration, material procurement performance in large manufacturing firms of Tanzania remains a challenge. The Resources Dependency and Transaction Cost Economics Theories were used in this study to analyze the influence of Early Supplier Involvement in design of specification, electronic information sharing, communication direction, and frequency of buyersupplier meetings, (all considered key in enhancing communication in the buyer-supplier integration) on the procurement performance. 52 large manufacturing firms in Temeke Municipality were approached through a census to inform the study. From each firm, one procurement and one store manager were purposively sampled, totalling to 104 respondents. Data was collected using cross-sectional design and mixed approach under pragmatic paradigm was used for this study. Data obtained through questionnaires was analyzed using the Binary logistic regression. This study was supplemented by qualitative opinions stemming from the fact that buyer-supplier integration is a strategic aspect. The study revealed that poor procurement performance is attributed to lack of Early Supplier Involvement and limited electronic information sharing. It was recommended as per findings that with the assistance of the government, the performance of manufacturing firms can be rejuvenated using the framework developed from this study. This study unveiled the cause–effect relationship of communication in the buyer-supplier integration and procurement performance however, the mediating role of third-party logistics, which might affect the relationship, remains unknown. Also, the role of communication of buyer-supplier relationship was not considered as role of tiers suppliers. Therefore, future studies should identify the role of tier suppliers in buyer-supplier communication and consequently the supply chain firms’ performance.
Determinants of E-Procurement Adoption by Institutions in Kenya and Tanzania During Covid-19 Era
(Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications, 2022-10-31) Ernest, Enid
Electronic procurement (E-procurement) is one of the rapidly expanding digital form of procurement in both public and private institutions in Kenya and Tanzania. E-procurement is used by most public and private institutions to strengthen buyer-supplier relationships, cut transaction costs, eliminate maverick purchases, increase organizational coordination, and supply chain performance. It is perceived that most of the business operations were automated during the COVID-19 era to minimize the spread of novel corona virus. Therefore, this study intended to do a thorough empirical literature review on the determinants of E-procurement adoption in Kenyan and Tanzanian institutions during the COVID-19 era.
Organizational Factors, Business Environment, Regulatory Systems and Local Content Practices: A Case of Oil and Gas Companies in Tanzania
(Operations Research Society of Eastern Africa, 2018) Juma, H
The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of; organisational related factors and the mediating roles of; business environment and regulatory systems on the local content practices in the oil and gas companies in Tanzania. Five hypotheses were developed from the literature and data were collected using standardized questionnaires from a sample of 150 respondents selected randomly from the employees of the oil and gas companies operating in Tanzania. The collected data were analysed using the regression technique where Barron and Kenny's approach for testing mediation were applied. The findings revealed that organisational related factors have significant negative effects on the local content practices and that business environment and regulatory systems support partial mediation between organisational factors and local content practices. The findings imply that oil and gas companies’ activities and strategies have significant roles in developing local industries in Tanzania as its influence on regulatory systems and business environment in the host country is significant.
Large Scale Agricultural Investments and Its Impact on Gender Relations and Wellbeing of Small Holder Farmers: Evidence from Kilombero Valley in Tanzania
(African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Science (AJLP&GS), 2020-11-30) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
This paper explores the impact of large-scale agricultural investment on household livelihood outcomes among smallholder farmers in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The study used qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 376 households. Quantitative data analysis employed independent samples t-test and multiple linear regressions. There were associations in livelihood outcomes and household headship (p < 0.05). The age of household head, years of schooling, household size, land size, group membership, household participation in the out-grower scheme, and livelihood strategies had influence on household livelihood outcomes (p < 0.05). Household livelihood outcomes depend on household socio economic characteristics and household participation in LSAI. The study recommends Local Government Authorities, non-governmental organization to help farmers to diversify livelihood strategies, group strengthening, promoting gender dialogues in the community to transform gender norms that discriminate against women and female headed households, increase representation of out-growers in every decision making process that affects their livelihood outcomes.

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