Browsing by Author "Akyoo, Elimeleck P."

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Determinants of Business Formalization in Singida Municipal Council, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Pallangyo, Barakael T.; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
While Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are recognized to be the engine of growth of the economy, most businesses continue to operate informally. There are competing arguments on prospects of business formalization. This study analysed the attitudes of business owners towards business formalization and determinants of such formalization among SMEs in Singida Municipality. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, and a mixed-methods approach whreby both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A sample of 200 SMEs owners were selected using Fisher’s formula. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis with a constant comparison. Quantitative data were analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software whereby descriptive statistics were computed to obtain frequencies and percentage distributions of the responses. A five-point Likert scale was used to establish the level of attitude towards business formalization. Binary logistic regression was used to determine effects of predictors on chances of business formalization. It was found that education, age, sex, firm location, firm size, employment and access to credit were important predictors of business formalization (p <0.005). Many respondents (56.6%) had positive attitude on business formalization. Insufficient capital (30.1%) and high tax charges (21.7%) were the most frequently cited factors hindering business formalization.
Determinants of Livelihood Diversification Strategies in Communities Adjacent to Large Scale Agricultural Investment in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania.
(Tengeru Community Development Journal, 2021-12-15) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
Household’s socio-economic characteristics have the potential of determining livelihood strategies of community living adjacent to large scale agricultural investment areas. However, livelihood diversification strategies in areas with large-scale agricultural investment are determined by complex and yet empirically untested factors in Kilombero Valley. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in the study area. The study based adopted a cross-sectional research design and the exploratory sequential research strategy whereby data were collected from 376 respondents. Quantitative data collected through a structured questionnaire were entered into SPSS and Multinomial logit model was used to examine determinants of household livelihood diversification strategies. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Generally, findings show that household size, land size and access to credit were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with households’ livelihood diversification for households adjacent to Kilombero Sugar Company Limited (KSCL). On the other hand, land size, total income and group membership were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with households’ livelihood diversification for households adjacent to Kilombero Plantation Limited (KPL). It is concluded that diversification of livelihood strategies in communities adjacent to large-scale agricultural investments are context specific and depends on investors adjacent to the community in question. It is recommended that local government authorities and other development actors in Kilombero Valley should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification and address access to credit constraints by provision of credit with lowest interest rate to households who will be interested in non-farm income generating activities.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) towards COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study among Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) Students of Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2023-06) Mawala, Isaac; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
There is paucity on both the level of knowledge about COVID-19 and whether the level of knowledge among students of HLIs is related to their practices regarding measures proposed for prevention against COVID-19. The objective of this study was to analyse the level of knowledge, attitude, misconceptions and practices of students in HLIs in order to improve protection measures being undertaken by the students and staff at HLIs. The study employed a cross sectional research design involving 385 HLIs students who were selected randomly using simple and systematic sampling techniques from four institutions of HLIs in four regions. The data were collected through using a questionnaire and analysed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) whereby descriptive statistics, Chi-square test were analysed. Results indicate that the general knowledge about COVID-19 was low among students, and it was different between male and female students; female students had relatively lower level of knowledge about COVID-19 compared to their male counterparts. Most students were not aware of how COVID- 19 is transmitted. Most students had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 control. It can be concluded that, generally students had low overall levels of knowledge, attitude and practices towards COVID-19. It is recommended that HLIs should create comprehensive awareness strategies suited to the needs of male and female HLIs students that are urgently needed in the fight against COVID-19.
Large Scale Agricultural Investments and Its Impact on Gender Relations and Wellbeing of Small Holder Farmers: Evidence from Kilombero Valley in Tanzania
(African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Science (AJLP&GS), 2020-11-30) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
This paper explores the impact of large-scale agricultural investment on household livelihood outcomes among smallholder farmers in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. The study used qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 376 households. Quantitative data analysis employed independent samples t-test and multiple linear regressions. There were associations in livelihood outcomes and household headship (p < 0.05). The age of household head, years of schooling, household size, land size, group membership, household participation in the out-grower scheme, and livelihood strategies had influence on household livelihood outcomes (p < 0.05). Household livelihood outcomes depend on household socio economic characteristics and household participation in LSAI. The study recommends Local Government Authorities, non-governmental organization to help farmers to diversify livelihood strategies, group strengthening, promoting gender dialogues in the community to transform gender norms that discriminate against women and female headed households, increase representation of out-growers in every decision making process that affects their livelihood outcomes.
Livelihood Outcomes Among Households Participating in Large-Scale Agricultural Investments in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2018-06) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.; Jeckoniah, John N.; Kabote, Samwel J.
Large-scale agricultural investment is an important economic activity which has potential to improve the livelihoods of Male-Headed Households (MHHs) and Female-Headed Households (FHHs). (However, the benefit derived from large-scale agricultural investments has a household headship and agricultural investments models differential
Socio-Economic Determinants for Maize Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption of Purdue Improved Crop Storage in Mbozi District, Tanzania
(TIA, 2019-06) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.; Sitima, Florence W.
Post-harvest handling technologies like Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags are so effective in reducing post-harvest losses and improve food security. Despite the potential of PICS bags in reducing post-harvest losses, the adoption of PICS bags is still low and a good fraction of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) farmers continue to practice their traditional methods. The current study aimed at exploring socio-economic determinants of maize smallholder farmers’ adoption of PICS bags in Mbozi District. The data on which the paper is based were collected from four villages of Mbozi District using a mixed research approach. A cross-sectional research design was adopted whereby data were collected at once. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire with 120 respondents who were selected using simple random sampling. Qualitative data were collected using Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) and analysed using content analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS), whereby descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentages were determined. In addition, a binary logistic regression model was used to determine association of some key socio-economic factors and adoption of Purdue Crop Storage (PICS) bags., The results from the logistic regression show that, gender of the household head, education of the household head, maize farming experience of the household head, access of the household to credit, and access of the household head to training on PICS were found to be important predictors of household adoption of PICS (p < 0.05). Therefore, the paper recommends that, the Local Government and other stakeholders should train smallholder farmers on PICS and creates awareness in order to help to increase understanding of PICS bags among more maize farmers. There is a need for more advocacy initiatives by stakeholders on subsidizing the costs of PICS bags in order to improve the adoption of PICS bags by farmers.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Household Participation in Out-Growers Scheme and Investor Farm- Employment in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
(TIA, 2019-06) Akyoo, Elimeleck P.; Kabote, Samwel J.; Jeckoniah, John N.
ousehold participation in the out-grower scheme and investor farm employment has the potential of improving livelihoods of participating households. However, scientific debates on the socio-economic determinants of households’ participation in the out-growers scheme and investor farm employment have not been conclusive and the number of out-growers dropping out of out-grower scheme remains significant. This paper aims at examining the socio-economic determinants of household participation in the out-growers and investor farm employment. The paper adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby exploratory sequential research strategy was adopted. About 376 respondents were involved in the survey. Qualitative data were collected through checklist of questions were analysed using content analysis while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The results indicate that demographic variables (older age and household headship), group membership, access to credit, distance from household premises to investor and asset ownership were important predictors of household participation in the out-grower scheme (P < 0.05). The Results indicate further that demographic variables (younger age, household headship and household head marital status), household asset, household income and land size significantly influenced household participation in the investor farm employment (P<0.05). Therefore, household participation in the out-grower scheme favour youth household head, Male-Headed Household (MHHs), household in groups, household with higher land size, HHs with less access to credit and household with fewer assets. Participation in investor farm employment favours those households with older age, FHHs, low income, few assets, married, and households with large land size. It is recommended that there is a need for providing sugarcane technical training to out-growers. Also understanding of the factors that affect household to participate in the out-grower scheme and investor farm employment and how they relate to participation decision should be an important part in designing interventions aimed at improving production uptake
Socio-Economic Determinants of Rural Market Participation for Smallholder Maize Farmers in Dodoma Region-Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2018-06) Ismail, Ismail J.; Timothy, Shauri; Ajuaye, Adeline; Akyoo, Elimeleck P.
Like many other Sub-Sahara African countries, the contribution made by smallholder farmers in Tanzania’s economy cannot be under estimated given the fact that, majority depend on them for food security and industrialization process. Unfortunately, most of these farmers are not performing well, hence having little contribution to the economic development of the country and eventually to their socioeconomic wellbeing