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Recent Submissions
The impact of small holder commercialisation of organic crops on food consumption patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(AgEcon Search, 2006-08-12) Sheryl L Hendriks; Mark M Msaki
The impact of smallholder commercialisation on food consumption patterns in a rural community of South Africa was investigated. The consumption patterns, dietary diversity and nutrient intakes of certified and partially certified members of an organic farmers' organisation were compared to data from a random sample of non-member households. Two consecutive survey rounds (n = 200) conducted in November 2004 and March 2005 enabled comparison of dietary diversity, nutrient adequacy (in terms of per household adult female equivalents for energy, iron, and vitamin A) and expenditure elasticities between seasons. Households with members engaged in certified comm ercial organic farming enjoyed greater dietary diversity, improved nutrient intakes com pared to households with members in conversion to organic production and households not engaged in commercial organic farming. Farm and non-farm income strongly and positively influenced nutritional adequacy for households of partially certified and certified members of the organisation. Marked differences in expenditure elasticities were found between the three groups. The results suggested that commercialisation of small holder agriculture has potential to improve food consumption patterns and food quality directly through income generated and indirectly through increased labour opportunities that result in wages and inkind food transfers. While commerciali sation of small holder agriculture shows potential for improving nutrition, caution should be exercised before claiming that such commercialisation can alleviate food insecurity and solve hunger in South Africa.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Modern Contraceptives Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Mpwapwa District, Central Tanzania
(Maxwell Scientific Organization,, 2012-05-10) James Lwelamira; Gasper Mnyamagola; Mark M. Msaki
This study was undertaken in Mpwapwa District in Central Zone of Tanzania between July toAugust, 2009 to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards modern contraceptives among married womenof reproductive age (15-49 years). Specific objectives of the study were to ascertain knowledge and attitudetowards modern contraceptives, to determine the extent of use of modern contraceptives and identify factorsassociated with current use of modern contraceptive in the study population. Study design involved a cross-sectional survey that involved 160 women randomly selected from eight villages with nearly equal number ofrespondents per village. Data from respondents were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.Furthermore, eight Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs), with one FGD per village were also carried out to collectqualitative information. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 12 was used to analysequantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed using Content Analysis (CA). Results of this study revealedknowledge of modern contraceptives in a study population to be high. Furthermore, findings of this studyindicated substantial proportion of respondents to have positive attitude towards modern contraceptives andhence more room for increasing modern contraceptive use in a study population. For example, half (50%) ofrespondent that were aware of modern contraceptives thought that benefits of modern contraceptives outweighnegative effects and 42% agreed that they could recommend use of modern contraceptive to a friend. However,despite presence of positive attitude towards modern contraceptives by a good number of women in a studypopulation, negative attitude of husband towards modern contraceptives can be one of the obstacles for thesuccess of campaigns to increase modern contraceptive use in the study area. Two- third (65.8%) of studyparticipants indicated that their husband doesn’t approve modern contraceptives. Regarding contraceptiveprevalence rate in the target group (i.e., proportion currently use modern contraceptives), although there wassome improvement compared to the past national averages, however, the obtained figure (25%) was far (toolow) from the desired national target of 60%. Results for Binary Multiple Logistic Regression Analysisindicated that Likelihood (chances) of being current user of modern contraceptives by a woman increasedsignificantly by having secondary education and higher (Odds ratio (OR) = 15.18, p<0.05), having highernumber of living children (i.e., 4 and above) (OR = 19.68, p<0.01), spousal communication on moderncontraceptives (OR = 1.84, p<0.05), woman participation in decision making regarding fertility in a family (OR= 19.40, p<0.05) , husband approval of modern contraceptives (OR = 18.46, p<0.01) and having positiveattitudes towards modern contraceptives (OR = 8.50, p<0.05) (i.e., thinking that benefits of moderncontraceptives outweighs negative effects) compared to the counterparts. The Odds (chances) of being currentuser of modern contraceptive by a woman decreased by living more than 5 km from nearest health facility (OR= 0.67, p<0.05) and if had ever encountered side effects (OR = 0.44, p<0.05). Based on these findingsrecommendations for improving modern contraceptive use in a study population have been indicated.
The Use of Contraceptives among Female Students in State University of Zanzibar
(Food and Public Health, 2020) Provident J. Dimoso; Mark M. Msaki; Mwanajuma A. Suleiman
Worldwide, university students fall in the youth group which is prone to unattended sexual risk behaviors that
may lead to unwanted pregnancies. With respect to their exposure to family planning aspects, female students at the State
University of Zanzibar were anticipated to make use of the family planning facilities available at the university. Simple
random sampling was used to obtain 86 female university students involved in the study. Strong belief in Islam religion has
been the factor caused almost a half of female university students not to be engaged in sexual intercourse. The majority of
students who used contraceptives decided to use tradition contraceptives and not modern contraceptives. Almost all the
students who made use of contraceptives had consent of their partners. To make use of contraceptives successful,
countrywide promotion to contraceptives should target both males and females. Still a research is required to find out factors
that led to reduced adolescent pregnancies in Zanzibar.
Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Areas
(International Journal of Ecosystem, 2014) Venance Kalumanga; Mark M. Msaki; Fadhili Bwagalilo
At current, the world is struggling to mitigate the impacts of Climate Change to the involved communities. Due
to their climatic behaviours, Semi-Arids are among the most vulnerable areas to Climate Change. Adaption to Climate
Change has been suggested to lessen the impacts in different areas. However, the adaption is relative to a specific area’s
social-economic, physical as well as cultural set up. For this fact, it is a matter that in some areas, culture happens to side-line
women in decision making and implementation while adapting for Climate Change. Therefore, the study was carried out at
Chololo Eco - Village, in Dodoma Municipality. The aim of the study was to assess the existing climate change adaptation
strategies or technologies and the involvement of Gender in Addressing Climate Change Adaptation Technologies. A total of
110 respondents were interviewed. The research revealed that among the proportion 36%, 29%, 35%, 32%, and 59% of
female respondents attended transfer of innovation sessions for Agriculture, Water Management and Conservation,
Afforestation, Food Security and Economic Adaptation. More men attended sessions for transfer of innovations as compared
to women. Tradition, culture and household chores impended women not to involve much in such sessions. Fortunately,
women not attending in such session did not connote not adapting to Climate Change. Roles occupied in the community and
household chores had been the factor for women to decide whether to participate or not participate in the training sessions.
Women struggled to attend transfer sessions which seemed to be critical such as Economic Adaptation. Fruitfully women
were found to be more involved in Income Generating Activities (IGAs) introduced by Chololo Eco – Village. Deliberate
efforts should be carried to ensure that women attend technology transfer sessions to become the first beneficiaries of such
innovations.
CEREAL BANK AS A NECESSARY RURAL LIVELIHOOD INSTITUTE IN ARID LAND, MAKOJA VILLAGE, DODOMA-TANZANIA
(Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2013) Mark M Msaki; Michael I Mwenda; Irene J Regnard
In 2012, the study was carried at Makoja Village, in Semi-Arid region of Dodoma. The aim of the
conducted study was to assess the importance of Cereal Bank to livelihood of farming households.
A total of 80 respondents were interviewed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 computer
program. The major findings of the study revealed that, almost all of the households (96.2 %) were
poor, while more than a half of the sampled population was chronically food insecure. Income and
expenditure analysis revealed that households had no opportunity to manage savings. Further
analysis on expenditure revealed that despite being farming households, the later spent large
proportion of their income in purchasing food for households. Cereal bank has been potential to
provide food at the time of less, storage facility, seed stocking facility and a business opportunity.
Cereal banks should be purposively promoted to improve livelihood and assure food security in the
rural areas.